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60 pages 2 hours read

R. F. Kuang

Yellowface

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2023

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Chapters 15-20Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 15 Summary

The Last Front has been published for nearly a year and has begun to fall out of the spotlight. After enjoying initial success, the pressure is building for June to produce a follow-up. June is stuck, however, suffering from writer’s block and Athena’s ghost. She cannot write anything without hearing a critical inner voice. She was so confident when changing Athena’s work, but trying to write in the absence of it is impossible. In this struggle, June admits that The Last Front is not the only piece of writing that she stole from Athena’s apartment the night she died. She also took some papers and notes that had been on her desk, and she now uses them to find inspiration for her next project. She uses a paragraph Athena wrote to start her novella, Mother Witch, an exploration of her relationship with her mother. She assures herself that Athena’s work is merely a starting point for her and that this work is completely and totally her own.

As she grapples with using Athena’s work for her own career, June remembers the time that Athena stole from her. As freshmen at Yale, Athena and June lived on the same floor, and they became fast friends. In early October, June met a sophomore named Andrew at a party. They two made out and exchanged numbers. The following Friday, June went to Andrew’s dorm room, drank too much, and woke up in his bed with no memory, hickeys on her neck, and her underwear around her ankles.

At first, June tried to move past the night, but she soon felt the assault’s weight in her everyday life. She began to feel “irreversibly tainted, used, and dirty” but opened up to no one (203). Athena, however, noticed the change in June and approached her. June told Athena everything, and Athena helped her through this dark time, helping her find a therapist and offering daily affirmations to help her survive. The two drifted as the year progressed, but during their second semester, Athena published a short story in one of the school’s literary magazines, Ouroboros: A slightly changed account of June’s assault, with names and circumstances altered but many of the conversations June had with Athena included. June still feels betrayed and uses these memories to justify stealing Athena’s work.

June completes her novella quickly, once again finding inspiration in Athena’s voice, and Mother Witch is met with a modest reception. It does well enough to be profitable, and June looks to the future, hoping that this means she has made it as an author and will be met with more success. 

Chapter 16 Summary

June is once again accused of stealing Athena’s work, but unlike last time, there is real evidence. June used the paragraph she found in Athena’s notes to begin her story, and some in the literary community recognize it because Athena workshopped it publicly years prior. Multiple people have come forth with copies of it from the workshop and have signed their names to its authenticity. Unlike the last time the accusations surfaced, people abandon June quickly. Her mentee, Emmy, refuses to meet with her again, and even Eden’s Angels ignore June’s texts. June finally deactivates her social media accounts in shame and ignores her team from Eden Press for as long as she can.

When she finally Zooms with her agent, Brett, and the rest of the Eden team, June says that she did take this paragraph, but The Last Front is her original work. After doubling down on her lie, June is surprised that Eden is not going to drop her. She discovers that the controversy has pushed up sales as right-wing readers have sided with her on topics such as free speech and censorship. Despite the negatives of the situation, June is bringing in money for Eden, meaning that they will do what they can to protect her while she works on a new and original project. June is also notified by Athena’s mother that one of her detractors, Adele Sparks-Soto, has requested to view Athena’s notes. June once again commits to her lies, and Athena’s mother decides to believe her and keep the notes private.

Chapter 17 Summary

June is still profiting from the books she has published, but her public image is ruined. She is popular among right-wing pundits but she avoids acknowledging them. She desperately tries to find inspiration for her next project but can only think of Chinese-inspired stories. She tries venturing out into the city to find inspiration in everyday life but keeps coming back to the same topics. In an attempt to be more authentic in her storytelling, June ventures to Chinatown and visits a soup-dumpling restaurant where she attempts to strike up a conversation with an employee. The entire time she is there she imagines different narratives that could fit the man’s life. A server stops the conversation, however, mistrusting June’s interest in him. When the server recognizes June, she asks her to leave, refusing to refund her lunch and declaring that she wants nothing to do with whatever June is doing.

Brett, whose confidence in June is failing, reaches out with a new kind of opportunity for her. He has spoken with a company about having June do some intellectual property work, meaning that she will write for the market, crafting narratives that suit readers’ desires. She is being offered the chance to write a story about China’s One Child Policy. The twist is that it is set in a Handmaid’s Tale-style dystopia. June scoffs at the idea, believing that intellectual property work is meant for mediocre writers and that the pitch itself is ridiculous. Offended by the offer, June turns it down.

Chapter 18 Summary

June heads to Boston to teach high school students at a Young AAPI Writers’ Workshop. It is being funded and organized by the same organization to which June donates for Athena’s scholarship. On her first day, she gets to know the students and enjoys working with them. They are creative and eager for her approval. Later that night, she sees them in a café working on their homework together. She realizes that she misses creative collaboration; her own writing has become a practice in isolation.

The next day, June is late for class and walks in on the students gossiping about June’s plagiarism scandal. Instead of owning it and possibly earning their respect, June decides to embarrass them. She singles out Skylar, whose computer the students had been huddled around, and rips the girl’s story apart. She encourages the other students to do the same, and the entire exercise leaves Skylar close to tears. June knows that she has crossed a line but cannot stop herself from enjoying the experience. After the students leave, June researches the article they had been reading. She discovers that it was written by Candice Lee, the editorial assistant from Eden Press. Candice doesn’t present any new evidence in the article, assuaging some of June’s fear, and seems to have taken a new job at a very small publisher in Oregon. This demotion thrills June, who sees it as cosmic justice.

Later that day, June receives a call from Peggy Chan, the coordinator for the workshop. Peggy is concerned about the account she received from students about the class and reminds June that these are young, easily influenced children. June pushes back, saying that they need to be able to take criticism, but when Peggy pushes for an in-person meeting, June lies, saying that her mother is ill and that she must leave. Peggy does not challenge this, and June makes her escape with ease.

Chapter 19 Summary

On her way back to Washington DC, June stops in Philadelphia to visit her mother, whom she rarely sees. June is uncomfortable with her mother’s lack of support for her profession. Upon her arrival, June learns that her mother is selling the house and moving to Florida. This gives June the opportunity to go through her old room, where she finds her old journals. Over the course of the afternoon, June becomes lost in her old writing, reminiscing about times when writing was a joy for her and laments how toxic it is now. She also rages at the publishing industry and its indifference to her debut novel, claiming that “no one cares about the inner musings of a plain, straight white girl from Philly. They want new and exotic, the diverse, and if I want to stay afloat, that’s what I have to give them” (256). Her resentments continue to boil up over dinner. Her mother insists that she should find a salaried position that pays benefits as Rory has. June tries but fails to express the importance writing holds for her. As the conversation becomes more tense and June fails to break through to her mother, she begins to worry that she will fade into obscurity, failing to have left a mark as a writer.

Chapter 20 Summary

The visit with her mother leaves June rattled, and she spends time looking at various graduate programs and revisiting all of the reviews, both negative and positive, that she received for her writing. While perusing these comments, she finally finds real inspiration. One reviewer asserts that they would love to read an account of what actually happened with The Last Front and its authorship. June commits to writing this account, blending fact and fiction to craft a narrative that sheds light on the scandal. She believes that it will be entertaining and become a classic that will keep scholars debating about the authorship for decades to come. June falls in love with writing again and rethinks the nature of her relationship with Athena, wondering whether there was real friendship at times.

June is feeling so positive about writing again and so hopeful for the future that she reactivates her Instagram and posts a picture with a message about her new work. Soon after, Athena’s verified Instagram account reactivates and posts a photoshopped picture of Athena with The Last Front and Mother Witch that only June can see. The caption is written as though Athena is alive, and June cannot help but remember seeing Athena at Politics and Prose. She pushes the thought of Athena returning as a ghost out of her mind, convinced that Geoff is torturing her again. Determined to stop him in his tracks, she calls another meeting with him.

Chapters 15-20 Analysis

With The Last Front’s popularity falling, June begins feeling the pressure of publishing a follow-up, increasing the narrative tension as both she and the reader know she isn’t capable of doing so. Her inability to write anything original leads her to, once again, plagiarize from Athena, beginning an entirely new and much more severe scandal. With no credible excuses to defend herself, June sees her public image crumble and fears that her career is over. However, the ensuing scandal from her plagiarism has driven up her sales, meaning that she is a financial success and an asset that Eden is unwilling to drop. This reinforces the theme of Scandal as Entertainment, as June’s career becomes less and less about her artistic output and more about her persona, first as an author and now as a thief. As June fights her way through this scandal and tries to write an original piece of literature, she struggles to reconcile the gap between her current toxic relationship with writing and the joy that it used to bring her. This encapsulates the difference between writing as a form of self-expression and publishing as a business; in choosing to succeed by stealing another’s work, June has lost her connection with herself as well.

When June uses a paragraph she found in Athena’s notes to write a novella, she doesn’t feel remorse because she believes that she is owed this. Her complicated relationship with Athena has always been more than just the ever-expanding gap in their successes and accolades. When they were in college, June was raped and shared her trauma with Athena, who subsequently used June’s experience to publish a short story in one of Yale’s literary magazines. In June’s mind, her own theft is justified: “She’d stolen my story. I was convinced of it. She’d stolen my words right out of my mouth. She did the same to everyone around her for the entirety of her career, and honestly, if I’m supposed to feel bad about getting my revenge, then fuck that” (206). While June is the antihero, Kuong interrogates the general tendency of artists to borrow and reshape stories from the real world to create their work, asking if it’s justified. Creating these wrinkles in Athena’s character—earlier chapters refer to her disdain for young writers who looked up to her—makes her a more realistic character rather than a simple moral foil who contrasts against June’s obvious flaws. Here, Kuong subtly interrogates the narratives society creates around scandals, which cast participants as either perfect villains or heroes. The truth is always more complicated, but that doesn’t justify June’s “revenge” through theft.

As scandal rages around her, June hides from her agent and Eden Press. She stays off of social media and wonders what her future will look like. When she finally meets with the Eden team and Brett, she is surprised that her book sales have gone up. The scandal has mobilized right-wing readers into buying her books to defend her from cancel culture, reinforcing not only scandal’s entertainment value but White Privilege in Publishing. June’s perception of the publishing industry is changed when Brett explains that “all that really matters is cash flow” (218). The publishing industry’s priority is sales and profits, not publishing morally sound authors or even original material. June’s scandal is good for business because it brings people’s attention to her books, creating curiosity and sparking political debates. While June may not be able to achieve critical success at this stage in her career, she is certainly achieving financial success, and this will keep the door open for her to publish again, even though she has violated ethics standards by plagiarizing.

As she searches for a new idea to write about, June laments the toxicity of professional writing. While teaching high schoolers, she finds herself jealous of their excitement and camaraderie and is reminded of college, “when Athena and I would crowd around a library table late at night with our classmates, talking over metaphors and character development and plot twists until I couldn’t tell anymore where my stories ended and theirs began” (244). At this stage in her career, June finds that writers keep their ideas secret and dislike sharing particulars about their style or process, fearing that others will surpass them. Kuong asserts that the businesses of writing and publishing encourage toxic behaviors, forcing isolation on authors who become too preoccupied with their own success. Every piece of writing is meant to sell, and every plot must be marketable. Gone are the days of collaboration and creativity for its own sake. For June, writing used to be a way to connect with peers, but now, it is the opposite; it has not only isolated her on a professional level but has become something she will never escape. 

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