64 pages • 2 hours read
Kelly BarnhillA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The Mass Dragoning takes place on April 25, 1955. Alex recounts the facts after years of archiving them and sifting through her own memories to locate the unadorned truth. While the actual figure for how many people transform into dragons before and after the event is incomplete due to society’s active erasure and censorship of the phenomenon, it is established that 642,987 women dragon on April 25. Although there are multiple first-hand accounts of the event, any film recordings or testimonies showing homes destroyed, husbands eaten, or women taking flight are censored or banned.
Alex then recounts the many events preceding the Mass Dragoning, in which smaller groups of women transformed. In one example, a group of women at a factory who are meant to be laid off instead disappear entirely, their factory in ruins. Although the bodies of the male employees are recovered, no women are ever found. In another case, a mother leaves her child at a park and takes flight, while other brides all over America abandon their husbands in a similar fashion. The reasons for these absences and incidents of destruction are blamed on the perceived “flightiness” or “unpredictability” of women and not, as is the actual cause, on dragoning itself.
An article printed in The Washington Post on January 23, 1956, details a group of protestors appearing at a meeting of the House Subcommittee on Compensation and Resolution. According to the article, the content of this meeting remains entirely hidden from the public—both the agenda and the day-to-day operations of the committee. The article only reports that the activists stayed in the meeting for well over nine hours, and no representatives from either side were available for comment. The footnote reads that the article was not published on the front page of the newspaper but instead was printed on the last page of the Style and Fashion section.
Alex reflects on her experience of the Mass Dragoning. She is in school when she first hears the sirens. When she returns home, her mother leaves and promises that she will return—a critical promise considering how many mothers leave their families that day, including Marla. When Bertha does return, she has Beatrice with her. Without explaining what has really happened, Bertha simply tells Alex to take her “sister” into the living room to play. Looking back on this incident as an adult, Alex recalls that, for the remainder of her mother’s life, Bertha never explained or talked about Marla’s disappearance or her adoption of Beatrice as her own.
After the Mass Dragoning, both the world and Alex’s family move forward as if nothing ever happened. Bertha never discusses Marla, neither her existence nor her disappearance. In the family’s “new normal,” Beatrice is now (and has always been) Alex’s sister, but Alex harbors her own secret knowledge about Marla.
Alex’s memoir recounts an incident that occurs three days before the Mass Dragoning, in which Marla comes to her sister’s house for dinner. Marla gets Alex ready for bed, and while they are alone, Marla gives her a collection of documents including letters, photographs, and a booklet called Some Basic Facts About Dragons: A Physician’s Explanation. The photographs are of Marla and two other women in uniform. Alex also notes that the booklet was authored by Dr. Henry Gantz. The cover art depicts a diagram of the female reproductive system transposed with the face of a dragon. Marla tells Alex that she isn’t obligated to do anything with the document except hide it. Alex never tells anyone about this exchange, nor about the booklet, which she hides behind the wall paneling in her bedroom closet.
Even though efforts to ignore the Mass Dragoning are tireless, it is impossible to conceal such a widespread event. In her memoir, Alex remembers the confusion that follows the event. For example, the official curriculum taught about the event morphs before her eyes as attitudes shift. First, the nuns who run Alex’s Catholic school suggest that dragons come from Hell, before suggesting that maybe dragons have eaten the missing mothers. But despite such heavy-handed attempts to hide the truth, some dragons remain in mainstream society and try to be wives and mothers despite their new physical form. Additionally, many prominent figures in society—obstetricians and rabbis, for example—are eaten and therefore are missing in droves. The news reports surrounding these are confusing and always in flux, as are the details of the Mass Dragoning itself, but none of this information made it into the young Alex’s house, and she is kept in the dark as to the full extent of the realities that surround her.
Alex describes her Aunt Marla’s dragoning and disappearance, feeling as if she were there and could picture it clearly. Through reports from her coworkers gathered years later, Alex develops a story about what happened to her aunt before she changed. In this patchwork version of the event, Alex states that Marla leaves work at the auto shop around one o’clock that afternoon, clutching a picture of Bertha, Alex, and Beatrice and leaving her tools to her coworkers. Recounting this, Alex also feels that she has a memory that is not her own—a memory of Marla leaving, saying goodbye to Beatrice, and burning George alive before her final departure. Alex “recalls” all of these events in her mind’s eye. Alex also notes that in her waking moments, it’s easy to lie, but she finds that she cannot keep the truth from entering her dreams.
A police report from Bethesda, Maryland, details the results of a search warrant executed by two officers. The officers approach a residence guarded by two people: Dr. Henry Gantz and Mrs. Helen Gyzinska, who are both placed under arrest for refusing to exit the premises. While there is no direct reference to the Wyvern Research Collective, the presence of Dr. Gantz and various scholars—as well as an effort by the police department to interrupt their activities—suggests that the Collective used this residence to study and archive data on dragoning.
In this section of the novel, Alex recounts the restrictive nature of every social system that exerted some measure of control over her during the time frame of the Mass Dragoning: the government, the schools, the media, and her family. Her mother’s silence about Beatrice pervades every aspect of her childhood existence, and thus Alex learns to live the lie that her mother’s silence perpetuates, and as later events will prove, she will also learn to adopt such silence herself as a coping mechanism in the face of difficult truths. In this early section, however, this attitude of conflating the truth for the sake of upholding restrictive social norms ties into the overarching theme of Familial Responsibilities and Gender Roles. The family’s obligation to raise Beatrice conflicts with the need to appear to conform to community standards that refute the notion of dragoning entirely, and living with such an impossible contradiction proves damaging for everyone involved, as appearances can only be upheld by spreading deliberate falsehoods that deny the secret power of women’s potential transformation into beings of greater agency. In this way, the premise of Barnhill’s novel mirrors the rising resistance to the restrictive gender expectations on women of the 1950s, who were supposed to remain passionless automatons who fulfilled their marital duties and denied their inner dreams. In the novel, the result of such ruinous suppression is eventual rage that leads to the very act of transformation that everyone is forbidden to discuss.
Shaken by Marla’s own transformation, the family unit never fully recovers. Mr. Green never accepts Beatrice as his own, for dragoning is far too embarrassing an event to acknowledge, and within this atmosphere of denial, Alex learns early how to be quiet, ask no questions, and perpetuate the lies supplied by her family for the sake of appearances. Even if she wants to discover the full truth, she also has nowhere to find it, with the sole exception of the documents that Marla gives her before dragoning. The superimposition of a dragon’s face over the diagram of the female reproductive system suggests that dragons represent feminine biological processes that are seen as taboo, like menstruation, and it also implies that the process of dragoning itself is a sex-specific phenomenon. Although the novel makes no direct references to trans women in the novel, Dr. Gantz does suggest much later that dragoning is more about choice than sex or gender, even if people assigned female at birth (AFAB) are far more prone to dragoning. When Alex sees this image, she doesn’t know what to make of it; it is her first glimpse of the female reproductive system, a fact that dovetails with her society’s failure to educate children about female biological processes in 1950s America.
Although the young Alex does not yet understand the full import of the events she experiences as a child, it is important to note that by entrusting such important documents to her niece, Marla understands and trusts Alex and knows that she will someday have an urgent need to discover these hidden truths. It is also significant that of all Alex’s family members, only Marla refrains from calling her niece “Alexandra,” a name that Alex hates to use. Thus, only Marla acknowledges Alex’s own chosen identity, and it is for this reason that the adult Alex creates “memories” of Marla’s experiences for herself, for the spiritual connection between herself and her aunt remains strong even after Marla’s disappearance. Despite following her family’s lead as a child and perpetuating lies that erase her aunt’s identity and existence, Alex is connected to Marla through something she doesn’t quite understand. This collective memory is also supported by the consistent theme of knots, for just like the physical knots that Bertha ties, each spiritual connection forges powerful links between the characters in question—whether of lies or of truth. And the truth will always find its way to the surface regardless of the restrictions placed upon it.
By Kelly Barnhill
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