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52 pages 1 hour read

Michael Morpurgo

War Horse

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1982

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Chapters 1-4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

War Horse, which is set in Wales shortly before the start of World War I, begins with the protagonist, Joey, recounting the story of his life. When Joey is “not yet six months old, a gangling, leggy colt who [has] never been farther than a few feet from [his] mother” (1), he and his mother are sold at auction to separate owners. Joey is purchased by a drunken farmer who initially set out to buy a young calf. Joey’s fighting spirit is evident from the beginning. Eventually, the owner violently harnesses Joey and drags him away to his new home, where his “one consolation as [he is] hauled into the stables that first evening is that [he is] not alone” (3). The farm where Joey is taken is also home to a kind old mare, Zoey, who quickly becomes a source of comfort and friendship.

Soon after, the owner’s wife and his 13-year-old son, Albert, visit Joey. Albert is immediately taken with Joey, calling him a “wonderful and brave horse” (4) and declaring that, when he’s older, “there won’t be a horse to touch him, not in the whole parish, not in the whole country” (5). Though he typically disdains his father’s drunkenness, Albert is glad for it bringing Joey to him. Unlike his father, who dismisses horses as stupid creatures, Albert understands Joey on a deeper level. Joey watches Albert walk away that night, knowing he has gained a friend who will be loyal to the very end.

Chapter 2 Summary

Two years pass, and the bond between Joey and Albert has only strengthened. Albert spends his spare time training Joey to walk, run, trot, and lunge. Joey learns to come to Albert at the sound of his whistle, which “imitate[s] the stuttering call of an owl—it [is] a sound [Joey] never refused and [he] would never forget” (8). The two are inseparable, loyal friends.

Albert’s father mostly leaves Joey in peace, although he never can regain Joey’s trust after their first encounter. Father proves not to “be the monster [Joey] had expected” (9), except on Tuesdays, when he regularly gets drunk. Albert takes extra precaution with the horses on these days, finding reasons to be in the stables to prevent his father from causing them any harm.

One such Tuesday, Albert leaves Joey in Zoey’s stable when he leaves to ring the bells at a nearby church. He hopes that they will be safer together if Father should come while he is gone, but this does not prove to be the case. When Albert is gone, Father enters the stable and staggers towards Joey with a whip in his hand. He tells Joey that the other farmers don’t believe he can tame his horse, so he bet that he will have trained Joey to plow the farm by week’s end. Father raises his whip toward Joey, but before he can strike, Joey turns and kicks Father in the leg. Father “[crawls] out of the stable door, dragging one leg stiffly behind him and muttering words of cruel vengeance” (11).

Joey’s actions nearly cost him his life—only Mother’s pleading with Father saves him in the end. Father demands that if Albert wants to keep Joey, he must train the horse himself in one week. If Joey loses the bet, Father will sell him. Albert, knowing that Father is “a man of his word […] as long as he’s sober” (15), takes the challenge ahead of him quite seriously. For the first time ever, he is strict with Joey, losing all traces of his usual gentleness that the horse has come to know and love about his master. However, he is successful, and by week’s end, Albert’s training wins the bet, and Joey remains on the farm.

Meanwhile, whispers of war are in the air, and Albert expresses his desire to join if it should come to that. He praises Joey’s potential as a war horse, saying, “We’d make quite a pair. God help the Germans if they ever have to fight the two of us” (15). The chapter ends with Father bringing home news that will change their lives forever: Britain has declared war on Germany.

Chapter 3 Summary

The family does not immediately feel the effects of the war, but the tensions among them (particularly between Albert and Father) bring a different kind of trouble to the home. When Albert begins riding Joey, the horse needs little coaxing to do as Albert wishes. Joey feels that Albert can ride him “even without that, so well did [they] come to understand each other” (18). Father, meanwhile, resents the horse he bought out of spite that is too strong-spirited for him to tame on his own.

Father’s regret about purchasing Joey is not merely a matter of pride but financial strain. Zoey can work the farm on her own, but the expenses of keeping Joey are hard for Father to justify. When Albert criticizes Father’s attitude toward Joey and his drinking habit, Mother defends him. She tells him that Father took out a mortgage years ago so Albert could “have a farm of [his] own” (18) and “it’s the mortgage that worries him sick and makes him drink” (19). Mother pleads with Albert to see the good in Father but soon takes over as a go-between for the two, who rarely speak to each other.

One Wednesday, the night after Father had again returned home drunk, Albert is told to return a boar the family had borrowed. Albert objects to the errand, which Father was supposed to have run the night before, but Mother persuades him to go. While he is away, Father sneaks into the barn with a sack of oats and coaxes Joey out of the stall. As he leads him away, Father apologizes to Joey for having to sell him, but he desperately needs the money.

Chapter 4 Summary

Father leads Joey away silently, “speaking in a hushed voice and looking around him like a thief” (23). He knows Joey will “follow old Zoey because he rope[s him] up to her saddle and [leads them] both quietly out of the yard down the path and over the bridge” (23) to the nearest British military camp. There, Joey finds himself surrounded by several motorcars and dozens of men in uniforms next to their horses.

A kind-faced officer, Captain Nicholls, approaches Father and Joey. He “smoothe[s Joey’s] neck gently and scratche[s him] behind [his] ears” (25) as he and Father discuss the payment they’ve arranged. Father’s voice is urgent and hushed as he asks for the 40 pounds Nicholls offered, insisting that he “can’t let him go for a penny less. A man’s got to live” (25). Nicholls assures him that he will receive the full amount promised as soon as the military vet inspects Joey. Joey shouts back to old Zoey “to reassure her for [he feels] no fear at this moment. [He is] too interested in what was going on around [him]” (26).

Captain Nicholls leads Joey to the vet, who gives him a full bill of health. He brings Joey back to Father, handing him the money. Father “reache[s] out and brushe[s Joey’s] nose with his hand. There [are] tears filling his eyes” (27), and for the first time, Joey sees Father in a different light..

It is not until Father says goodbye to Joey that he realizes he is being abandoned. Joey grows anxious and “[has] just about given up all hope, when [he sees] Albert running toward [him] through the crowd, his face red with exertion” (28). Albert is too late, and the Captain tells him the sale is final. Albert bargains with Captain Nicholls, asking to join the army to stay with Joey, but the Captain insists that Albert is too young. Nicholls promises Albert that he’ll take care of Joey for him. He tells Albert, “You should be proud of him—he’s a fine, fine horse, but your father needed the money for the farm, and a farm won’t run without money” (29). Albert says a tearful goodbye to Joey, promising to find him again one day.

Chapters 1-4 Analysis

The first four chapters of War Horse firmly establish Joey and Albert’s friendship and loyalty to each other, which are themes carried throughout the rest of the book. The motif of the owl whistle is introduced as a call that Joey “never refused and would never forget” (8). Joey and Albert come of age together and begin to find a balance of gentleness and strength in the face of adversity. They share a fiery spirit that refuses to be tamed except by those they love. This leads Albert, even at such a young age, to put in the hard work to train Joey. Joey, meanwhile, is willing to be pushed by Albert in ways that he won’t let others push him.

The greatest obstacle to Albert’s and Joey’s peaceful life together is Father, especially when he has been drinking. Father’s drunkenness causes him to purchase Joey in the first place, but Father cannot appreciate Joey’s work nor overlook the extravagant cost of caring for him. Mother asks Albert to be more understanding of Father’s actions. He is aging and worries about the war. She says, “He’s worried prices will be falling, and I think in his heart of hearts he feels that he should be soldiering in France—but he’s far too old for that” (19). The dichotomy of the man Father used to be and the man he has become due to financial stress, aging, and drinking is a constant point of contention for the family.

The war, too, is introduced in the first four chapters and becomes a catalyst for dramatic action in the story. Though “[t]he war hardly touched [the family] on the farm to start with” (18), it causes the financial strain that leads Father to sell Joey to Nicholls. Surprisingly, Father’s tender side is revealed when the time comes to bid Joey goodbye. He tells the horse, “You won’t understand and neither will Albert, but unless I sell you, I can’t keep up with the mortgage and we’ll lose the farm” (27). He then apologizes to Joey for how he treated him and makes Captain Nicholls promise to take care of him. The financial upheaval of the war has pushed Father to this point, and the reader sees a tender and remorseful side of him. Lastly, Albert, being forced to say goodbye to his beloved Joey, promises to find his horse again and plans to join the cavalry to find him once he comes of age.

These chapters begin to show the depth of Joey’s emotional intelligence. He is loyal to the humans who are kind and gentle to him and skeptical and wary of those who aren’t. His love for Albert is almost instantaneous, but when they are parted, he accepts the situation and beings to bond with Captain Nicholls. He is eager to please, curious, and observant. He can read situations and human emotion, such that he reconsiders his feelings about Father when he sees his tears over selling him. His character will be tested in upcoming chapters during the harrowing brutality of war, but through it all, the essence of Joey, as presented in these first chapters, will remain.

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