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58 pages 1 hour read

Diane Ackerman

The Zookeeper's Wife: A War Story

Nonfiction | Biography | Adult | Published in 2007

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Literary Devices

Direct Primary Source Quotations

As Ackerman discusses in her Author’s Note, she not only researched the historical records of the Holocaust, the Warsaw Zoo, and many noteworthy individuals exhaustively, but she also read the personal writings of Antonina. Antonina’s voice plays a prominent role in the text, and direct quotations from her journals are present throughout. Jan’s writings and interviews are another key source of information for the book, especially as they pertain to his work in the resistance movement and in hiding Guests in the villa.

The author also discusses secret, hidden records compiled by non-Jewish Polish people who worked to help Jews escape from the Ghetto, as well as Jewish residents themselves. These records were hidden in butter churns and other inconspicuous places where they would not be found until after the war. Ackerman’s access to all these writings enables her to tell the story of the multitude of resistance workers who saved the lives of tens of thousands of Jewish Warsaw citizens.

Profuse Descriptions

Those familiar with Ackerman’s work will recognize the abundant descriptions she uses when describing the settings of Warsaw, the campus of the zoo, the varieties and even personalities of animals housed there, the seasonal weather conditions, the flora of the Polish countryside, the battle for Poland, the efforts of the resistance movement, the conditions of the Warsaw Ghetto, and the atrocities of the Nazis. The extensive nature of these descriptions allows the reader to have a clear and precise understanding of the conditions faced by those living through the Nazi occupation of Warsaw.

The depth and power of these descriptive passages can sometimes be difficult to bear, as they often describe scenes of violence and suffering. For example, when the Nazis bomb the zoo, Ackerman writes, “Glass and metal shards mutilated skin, feathers, hooves, and scales indiscriminately as wounded zebras ran, ribboned with blood…” (48). This description continues for several paragraphs, in language both lyrical and unsparingly precise in its observation of the damage the bombs inflict on the animals’ bodies. As disturbing as these images may be, they convey the horror of war and the importance of Jan and Antonina’s work to create and maintain a place of shelter against this violence.

Metaphor

One of the special abilities the author brings to the task of explaining the story of The Zookeeper’s Wife is the use of metaphor to convey the disorientation and overwhelming emotion experienced by those who lived through these events. These metaphors occur repeatedly throughout the narrative, in particular when the author quotes someone going through the terrors of the occupation or when she makes an editorial comment on the situation. For example, when she describes two Jewish sisters who work diligently to conceal their true identities, then feel they have lost themselves, she writes, “We walked to our seats, into a room of unknown faces, with names that make us strangers to ourselves” (239).

In her diary, Antonina sometimes refers to the villa as a boat and compares their situation to a boat buffeted in a storm. Ackerman writes about one occasion when Antonina was confined to her bed and could only observe new guests making their way into and through the villa: “During this time of seismic upheaval, more and more Ghetto dwellers washed up on the decks of the villa, arriving weather-beaten, ‘like shipwrecked souls’” (197). Thus, the author captures the essence of the attitude in the villa: a ship, floundering in a storm even while gathering up new, lost, helpless swimmers.

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By Diane Ackerman