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59 pages 1 hour read

Paul Beatty

The Sellout

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2015

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Prologue-Part 1Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1: “The Shit You Shovel”

Prologue Summary

Content Warning: The Sellout contains offensive language around race, gender, sexuality, and trauma. The study guide reproduces this language in direct quotes and obscures Paul Beatty’s frequent use of the n-word. The book also contains gun violence, including the killing of a Black man by police.

The narrator of the story, a Black man known only as Me, receives a letter from the People of the United States of America: He has to go in front of the Supreme Court in Washington, DC. Me has never committed a crime, yet he has to stand trial in the highest court in the United States. For the trial, Me buys a suit for $129. The salesman promises Me he’ll like the way he looks, and he’ll feel good, but Me dislikes how he looks and he feels bad.

Before the trial, Me checks out the Washington, DC, sights: The Lincoln Memorial, the Pentagon, and the zoo, where there’s a gorilla named Baraka. In the Supreme Court building, Me smokes marijuana with the help of an affable female police officer. The authorities won’t bother to go after him for doing drugs on federal property—the Supreme Court’s focus is on the terrible, race-related crimes he’s allegedly already committed.

The outside of the building reads, “Equal Justice Under Law,” and Me shouts the slogan but doesn’t believe in it. He thinks of other misleading slogans like Auschwitz’s “Arbeit Macht Frei” (roughly, “Work Brings Liberty”) and Disneyland’s “The Happiest Place on Earth.” Growing up, Me thought a sharp slogan might help the struggles of Black Americans. He bounced ideas off his stuffed toy Funshine Bear, the “most literary” of the Care Bears, and sent one to a couple of prominent Black organizations, but they didn’t respond.

Back in the present, Me’s lawyer, Hampton Fiske, takes Me’s pipe and tells him it’s time to face the Supreme Court Justices. Hampton isn’t used to arguing Supreme Court cases: he’s a criminal defense attorney who advertises his services with ads on a bus stop bench and by paying people to scratch his number (1-800-FREEDOM) onto the mirrors in holding cells and Plexiglas in police vehicles.

Me describes what happened at the district court where he was previously tried. The judge articulated the charges against him—a myriad of crimes, from violating the entire United States to disrupting the proverbial apple cart. When asked to enter a plea, Me said, “Your honor, I plead human,” earning a laugh from the judge and “a citation for contempt of court” (15). Hampton pleaded innocent, got his sentence reduced to time served, then asked for a change of venue: Salem or Nuremberg “given the seriousness of the charges” (15). Suddenly realizing that the seemingly absurd case touched on issues of great cultural importance, Hampton applied to the Supreme Court Bar so he could argue the case in the Supreme Court.

A Black woman in the Supreme Court’s front row hurls accusations at Me, speaking about slave ships, Ronald Reagan, quarterbacks, the three-fifths clause, and other racial issues. Like the other people in Court, the woman wants Me to cry and dramatically display his guilt for having betrayed his race. Yet Me doesn’t feel guilty or responsible. In his mind, he tries to connect with Black people by remembering archival footage of the Civil Rights Movement, but he finds himself imagining the activists in the March on Washington as zombies. The lead marcher/zombie steps up to the podium and delivers, instead of any pronouncement of freedom or equality, an endorsement for Coca-Cola.

The Justices enter, and the Midwestern Chief Justice announces that today they’ll hear Me’s case, Me v. the United States. The narrator admits that the name sounds over the top, but his name is Me. He’s a descendant of the Kentucky Mees—one of the first Black families to make a home in southwest Los Angeles. Me is from Dickens, a mostly Black city in California, and his dad, echoing famous Jewish people who changed their names, lopped off the second “e,” so Mee became Me.

The lone Black Justice wears a $50,000 Rolex and attended Yale Law School. The Black Justice is famous for not asking questions, but he asks Me if he’s “crazy.” Supposedly, Me violated the 13th Amendment by owning an enslaved person and the 14th Amendment by advocating segregation. The Black Justice yells at Me, and the Chief Justice calms him a little, but the Black Justice continues to call Me names and implies that they will hang him.

Part 1, Chapter 1 Summary

Me’s dad, F. K. Me, is a social scientist and raises Me like a lab rat. Instead of food, he receives appetite stimuli; instead of love, he gets preplanned intimacy and calculated commitment. F. K. grew up on a horse ranch in Kentucky and moved to California to teach. He’s the interim dean of the psychology department at West Riverside Community College, and, with his son, he lives on a farm in Dickens, California.

Founded in 1868, Dickens tried to keep out various minorities, including Chinese people, people with red hair, and French people. The town borders a canal, and the founders turned that ten-square-block section into an agriculture zone known as the Farms. While the wagon wheels and fences outside the homes in the Farms give them a pioneer feel, the doors and windows have “more bars […] and padlocks than a prison commissary” (28).

When Me was seven months old, his dad put items around his cradle—toy police cars, beer, and a Richard Nixon campaign button—while firing a gun and yelling for Black people to go back to Africa. The point of the experiment was to make Me afraid of the items. Now, Me can’t watch crime shows on TV, but he listens to the Watergate tapes to fall asleep.

From ages one to four, his dad tied his right hand behind his back so he’d be left-handed. When Me was eight, F. K. duplicated the Kitty Genovese murder by beating his son on a busy intersection. As with Genovese, no one came to Me’s rescue. Unlike Genovese, people helped Me’s dad beat him. After catching him reading a comic, F. K. punishes Me by asking him questions about racial issues and punishing him with electric shocks when he answers wrong.

For another experiment, Me’s dad presented him with two sets of dolls. There were Ken and Malibu Barbie; and there were Malcolm X, Harriet Tubman, and Martin Luther King Jr. After Me chose Ken and Barbie (they had the nicer things), F. K. terminated his experiments on his son and burned the notes.

As a psychologist, F. K. becomes Dickens’s “N***** Whisperer”—that is, he helps Black people under duress. F. K.’s work is how Me witnesses the creation of gangster rap. At 6 o’clock in the morning, F. K. has to help Carl “Kilo G” Garfield, who’s smoking crack and, inspired by the Victorian poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, rapping naked on his Toyota truck. The police arrive, but F. K. de-escalates the situation by asking Carl to think about who he is and how he can become that person. Me wishes his dad would speak to him like that: He doesn’t know who he is or how to become himself.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Summary

The chapter is three words long: “Westside, n*****! What?”

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary

Home on winter break from his junior year of college, Me takes the horse to meet his dad at Dum Dum Donuts, where Dickens’s think tank, the Dum Dum Donut Intellectuals, convenes. Enjoying a vanilla shake, Me spots a group of detectives around a dead body in an intersection: The police have shot Me’s dad. Supposedly, while charging the police, F. K. alluded to the specialness of his son. The detective asks Me if he’s special. Me doesn’t know who he is and tells the detective he’s not special.

The death of Me’s father doesn’t make him cry, lambast the police, or condemn the injustices of race and socioeconomic class. His first reaction is to doubt whether his father is dead at all. Maybe F. K. is back to experimenting on his son—trying to teach him a lesson about race and police brutality. Yet Me isn’t tied to his Black identity. For the census, he checks the “some other race” box and writes in “Californian.” What animates Me is not racial identity, but the urge to please his dad.

Me picks up the body of his allegedly dead father and takes it to the Dum Dum Donut Intellectuals, where Foy Cheshire, an author and TV personality, leads the group. F. K. started the group when he realized that Dickens’s Dum Dum Donut franchise was the only white business not desecrated during inevitable riots. Open 24 hours, police, rioters, and firefighters peacefully get food there. Sensing the communal atmosphere, F. K. turned it into a place to discuss intellectual issues like race and average household net worth.

Foy and F. K. met at the donut shop. At first, Foy was an assistant professor in Urban Studies at the fictional UC Brentwood, working on his first book, Blacktopolis: The Intransigence of African-American Urban Poverty and Baggy Clothes. Foy became famous after stealing F. K.’s idea for a children’s cartoon, The Black Cats ‘n’ Jammin’ Kids. Due to drugs, women, and tax evasion, Foy lost his wealth and needed F. K. to talk him out of trying to die by suicide. F. K. has rarely spoken ill of Foy, but Me thinks Foy is glad F. K. is dead. Now, Foy can take over the think tank.

The members of the think tank want to avenge F. K.’s death, but before the members can take a picture with F. K.’s corpse, Me puts him on the back of his horse and gets him out of there.

Out in the street, a police captain stops him and tells him what happened. Two plainclothes officers were talking to a homeless person at a traffic light. After it went from green to red multiple times, F. K. drove around them while yelling something at them. One officer gave F. K. a ticket and a warning. F. K. told the officer he could give him a ticket or a warning but not both. Upset, the officers took out their guns. Afraid, F. K. ran, so the officers shot him in the back.

The captain wants the body for evidence—to hold the officers accountable. Me tells the officers no one has ever charged a member of the Los Angeles Police Department with murder, so he’ll keep the body and bury him in the backyard. The captain blows a whistle and clears away the police and protesters so Me can pass. Due to F. K.’s death, Me receives a $2 million settlement. He can make his dad’s dream come true and own the farm on 205 Bernard Avenue.

Me thinks about his mom, Laurel Lescook, a former Jet magazine Beauty of the Week and a present paralegal. She doesn’t remember meeting F. K., but she recalls him sending her marriage proposals, disturbing poems, and pictures of his penis.

Me remembers how his dad would brag about his young son’s work ethic. He’d invited people to watch Me pick fruit and cotton while playing Paul Robeson songs. Instead of daycare and playdates, Me was nannied by a pig named Suzy Q. His rival was a genius pig, Savoir Faire, who beat him in games. When it was time to kill Savoir Faire, Me wasn’t sad.

F. K. liked to say, “People eat the shit you shovel them” (53), and Me thinks his dad gave him a lot of crap to eat. Me doesn’t miss his dad, but he wishes he had confronted him about his experiments and wonders whether they were as extreme as he remembers.

Part 1, Chapter 4 Summary

Dickens is gone, its borders erased by gentrification. The physical space of the city remains, but it is no longer officially designated as a separate city from the surrounding city of Los Angeles.

Following in his father’s footsteps, Me becomes a whisperer—though he lacks the confident voice of his father. He aids a mom dangling a baby over a second-floor balcony, he helps a battered transgender woman, and he assists abused women who listen to Nina Simone. Aside from whispering, Me works on the farm. Having earned a degree in agriculture at UC Riverside, he grows and sells fruit and marijuana.

Part 1, Chapter 5 Summary

The disappearance of Dickens hurts Hominy Jenkins. He’s a child actor and a member of the Little Rascals, a fictional group of mischievous young people from the Our Gang shorts of the early 20th century. His character was informed by racist stereotypes, and Hominy has internalized those stereotypes until they have become inseparable from his adult personality. As the murder capital of the world, Dickens saw few tourists, but when tourists did come, it was to see Hominy and watch Our Gang clips with him. He served them Hi-C and watermelon, told them stories, and exclaimed his catchword, “Yowza!” After Our Gang, Hominy grew up and had bitesize parts, like Stable Boy, Bus Boy, and Bell Boy, in various films.

As teens, Marpessa Delissa Dawson and Me hung out at Hominy’s house, and Me fell in love with the outspoken Marpessa, who probably thought of him as a safe, harmless boy. Me feels indebted to Hominy for providing him a space to get to know Marpessa, and he saves Hominy from a suicide attempt—a self-lynching—in his memorabilia room. When Dickens went away, Hominy went away—no one can locate him now. Hominy tells Me he’s an enslaved person who’s also an actor. Since Me saved his life, Me can own him for life. Hominy asks Me to beat him, and Me acquiesces until three sheriff deputies pull him away. Hominy also wants Me to bring back both Dickens and the systemic racism the segregated town represented.

Part 1, Chapter 6 Summary

Owning an enslaved person isn’t easy, and the relationship between Me and Hominy doesn’t mimic any idealized image of plantation life. There’s no singing in the fields or big dinners in the house. Sometimes, Me makes Hominy pretend to be a racist lawn jockey or a footstool. Mostly, Hominy watches Me work. Me tries to free Hominy. He has his lawyer, Hampton, create a contract to emancipate him, but Hominy scorns freedom. Me wants Hominy to find a therapist. Instead of beating him, he takes him to a dominatrix. Mistress Dorothy beats him while demanding intel about the Union Army. She charges Me $5 for every racist epithet she directs at Hominy.

On the way back from a session with Mistress Dorothy, Me and Hominy are stuck in traffic on the notoriously congested 110 freeway. Me lists the members of Little Rascals who died terribly and thinks there might be a curse on the cast. He considers pushing Hominy out of the car, but they’re barely moving. Instead, Hominy gets out of the car directs traffic, separating the drivers by race. Alone in the car, Me turns on the Dodgers baseball game on the radio. Me and his dad used to go to Dodgers games in the summer. They sat in the bleachers, ate hot dogs, drank soda, and cursed the team for its losing record. Me misses both his dad and the turn off the freeway into Dickens—as Dickens no longer officially exists, its exit sign has been taken down.

At home, Me makes a new sign for Dickens and installs it on the freeway. Me asks Hominy what he likes more: Getting whipped or seeing the sign? Hominy says the whip is good on the back, but the sign feels great in his heart. At home, Me takes out The Thomas Guide to Los Angeles County and outlines Dickens as best he can remember.

Prologue-Part 1 Analysis

Me states, “This may be hard to believe, coming from a [B]lack man, but I’ve never stolen anything” (6). The first sentence features irony—a literary device that produces unusual discoveries by upending the reader’s expectations. By bluntly expressing the racist stereotype that Black men are criminals, the narrator subverts typical standards for discussing race. Beatty uses irony constantly, and it’s a central part of the parodic and sometimes absurdist tone of this comic novel.

The opening sentence introduces a thematic tension between Racial and Personal Identity—Me is a Black man, yet he doesn’t always identify primarily as a Black person. He checks the “some other race” box on the census and writes Californian—an identity not recognized by the census and one that, when defined as “some other race,” complicates the notion of what race is. In district court, Me pleads “human.” He lacks “any sense of racial pride” (44). In the Supreme Court, he tries muster a sense of racial solidarity by picturing pivotal moments in Black history, like 1963’s March on Washington, where around a quarter of a million people marched to protest continuing racial inequalities. Yet Me finds that he can’t identify with the marchers, whom he pictures as zombies, the lead marcher an actor in an advertisement, proclaiming, “Things go better with Coke. It’s the real thing” (20).

The Coke reference highlights Capitalism’s Power to Co-opt Activism. The March on Washington, radical and heroic as it was when it happened, has since passed into history and in the process been sanitized—scrubbed of its socialist and radical implications and made into a fable for mainstream audiences, one whose core message is that America’s racial injustice has been defeated. The best-remembered of Dr. King’s words have been so stripped of their context that, to Me, they sound as empty as “Things go better with Coke” (20).

The salesman who sells Me the cheap suit he wears to court delivers a similarly empty slogan: “When you look good, you feel good” (9). His consumer rhetoric makes the Supreme Court’s motto, Equal Justice Under Law, sound like false advertising. Me doesn’t feel good, and the Supreme Court isn’t dispensing equal justice. Foy Cheshire furthers the theme, as the point of his work isn’t to help the Black community but to make money from his ridiculous books. The Dum Dum Donut Intellectuals think tank contributes to the ironic tone of the book. Knowledge is as cheap and common as a donut from a nationwide donut chain, and when yoked to the self-serving motivations of Foy and his followers, all that learning only deepens the dumbness.

Conversely, the Dum Dum Donut shop itself is a positive symbol of unity. Me writes, “In fact, looters, police officers, and firemen alike used the twenty-four-hour drive-thru window to fuel up on crullers, cinnamon twists, and the surprisingly good lemonade” (44). In this sense, the Dum Dum Donut Intellectuals do accomplish something positive: They demystify knowledge, showing that learning and thoughtful discussion can happen anywhere, including in a donut chain.

Throughout the text, Beatty includes real-life figures and products. Sometimes, he alludes to them. The Black Supreme Court Justice who harangues Me is never named, but shares many biographical details with the real-life justice Clarence Thomas. Thomas attended Yale Law School and, like the justice in the novel, once went 10 years without asking a question during oral arguments. The Midwestern Chief Justice suggests real-life Chief Justice John Roberts, who was born in New York but grew up in Indiana. By not explicitly naming the real-life figures, Beatty creates a playful atmosphere—identifying the figure can feel like a guessing game.

Other times, Beatty is explicit with real-life references. Our Gang is a movie series from real life, Jet is a real-life magazine targeted at Black readers, and Kitty Genovese was raped and murdered in 1963 in New York while over 30 people allegedly witnessed the assault and did nothing. The use of real-life figures and products adds to the zaniness of the word—it becomes a mishmash of reality and Beatty’s caustic imagination.

The presence of nonfictional elements within the fiction allows for juxtaposition and comedy. Beatty can place two events side by side, and the reader can laugh at their drastic differences. According to the myth, people didn’t help Genovese, and they don’t help Me, but they help his dad rob him. Juxtaposition also creates a comedic effect through diction or word choice. After Hominy becomes his slave, Me quips, “They say ‘pimpin’ ain’t easy.’ Well, neither is slaveholdin’” (76). The first sentence of this quote alludes to rap songs by Ice T, Big Daddy Kane, and others. The second reframes the historical horror of slavery—denoted by the archaic term slaveholding—within that contemporary context. The juxtaposition offers a superficial comedic shock, but it also accomplishes a deeper purpose: Like Hominy’s enslavement itself, it highlights the absurdity and cruelty of America’s racial crimes by removing them from the past and placing them within the contentious present.

The three-word Chapter 2 adds to the humor, stripping these words of any context so that they read as devoid of meaning, pointing toward the bewildering nature of America’s racial divisions.

F. K.’s experiments on Me offer a satirical take on the work of B. F. Skinner, a real-life 20th-century American behaviorist who believed human behavior was susceptible to training. Based on F. K.’s work with Me, behaviorism seems limited, if not cruel.

F. K.’s experiments create an antagonistic father-son relationship, and Fathers and Sons is a key theme. What compels Me isn’t race but the “most basic of needs, the child’s need to please the father” (43). F. K.’s death adds sentiment to their relationship. If Me didn’t care about his dad, he wouldn’t take the trouble to bury him. The murder of F. K. continues the disturbingly humorous tone of the book. Me doesn’t think he’s dead—he thinks it’s another behavioral experiment.

F. K.’s death also relates to the theme of Capitalism’s Power to Co-opt Activism. It’s as if there’s a script a Black person is supposed to follow when a member of their family is shot and killed by the police, but Me doesn’t abide by the guidelines, and he doesn’t let the think tank members have “an opportunity for a photo op” (48). Me refuses to capitalize off his dad’s death or allow others to exploit it for their gain. Me selflessly uses the money he receives from his dad’s death to buy the farm and realize his dad’s dream of owning the property.

The theme of Racial and Personal Identity manifests when F. K. asks Foy, “Who am I? And how may I become myself?” (38). This question occurs repeatedly throughout the text, as the characters try to figure out who they are. Without Dickens, Hominy has no identity. Dickens symbolizes community, and, deprived of that link, Hominy connects himself to the legacy of slavery. In Beatty’s twisted world, racism symbolizes agency. Hominy chooses to be enslaved, but his enslavement is a performance, just as his identity—based on the racist caricature he played in Our Gang—is a performance. Hominy isn’t really an enslaved person, and Me has to pay a dominatrix to beat him. Unable to escape the trauma of racism, Hominy is forced to reenact its worst cruelties again and again.

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