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53 pages 1 hour read

Frank Norris

The Octopus: A Story of California

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1901

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Book 2, Chapters 4-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 2, Chapter 4 Summary

Presley’s socialistic poem “The Toilers” is printed in a newspaper and becomes a rousing success, reaffirming for Presley the importance his work brings to the rancher’s struggle. He resolves to stay and chronicle their toil, flattering himself by imagining, “The struggle had found its poet” (395).

Dyke continues to ignore his farm, letting the property degrade, and spends his nights at Caraher’s saloon, drinking whiskey and leaving the care of his daughter to his mother. When drunk, Dyke grows mean and mutters ominously about “dynamite” (397).

Magnus struggles with his position as head of the League and his part in their underhanded tactics. After mistakenly omitting Los Muertos or Quien Sabe from the test cases now before the Supreme Court, Magnus inadvertently allows the Railroad to install its dummy buyers on their ranches. Magnus and the other ranchers now rely on Lyman and the commission to reduce freight rates in their favor.

Meanwhile, Annixter follows Hilma to San Francisco where he confesses his love, and they marry, spending the next few weeks in domestic bliss and furnishing their ranch with expensive Friscan wares. On their train ride back to Bonneville, the train is robbed and a rail worker shot and killed. The robber is revealed to be Dyke, who steals $5000 of the railway’s money and flees into the hills. Several posses form, but they can’t find Dyke.

Once home, Hilma uncovers a shipment of rifles Annixter ordered for the League, at first mistaking it for “a wedding present” (426). Later, Hilma and a newly compassionate Annixter invite a broken Mrs. Dyke and her daughter, Sidney, to live on Quien Sabe.

A few days later, the League of ranchers gathers at Los Muertos to hear the news Lyman brings from San Francisco. He reports that the committee succeeded in lowering the shipping rates on wheat by 10 percent—but only in locations where not much wheat is shipped, and nowhere that helps the ranchers. Realizing that the Railroad has bought out their own commission, including Lyman, the ranchers grow angry, and Annixter punches Lyman, calling him a “bribe-eater” (446). Magnus disavows Lyman, who accuses the ranchers of being hypocritical—all have been bribed—and the disgraced Derrick son flees his father’s ranch.

Book 2, Chapter 5 Summary

While riding, Presley witnesses Harran instructing “some twenty men” (449) of the League in combat tactics, using the rifles Annixter brought and preparing for when the Marshal and his men start ousting ranchers from their properties.

Genslinger visits Magnus and reveals that after investigating, he has evidence that Magnus and the League bribed the Railroad commissioners and established a crooked commission. Genslinger has written an article about the backroom dealing, which is sure to ruin Magnus’s name, and he uses it to blackmail the rancher for $10,000. He also divulges that Lyman was working for the Railroad all along; the Railroad promised to fund his campaign for Governor, long before Magnus approached him about sitting on the commission. After vacillating, Magnus decides to pay the bribe.

At Quien Sabe, Annixter readies to go on a birthday picnic with Hilma, Presley, Mrs. Dyke, and Sidney—but Dyke (who has been a fugitive for weeks) rides onto Quien Sabe. Dyke’s exhausted horse collapses to the ground, and he desperately demands a horse from Annixter; men are pursuing him, and he’s running out of options. Annixter gives him a horse, and he rides to Guadalajara and steals a train engine, taking it down the line and experiencing “for the last time in his life” (480) the joy of his former work. Then, a posse led by Delaney chases him to a wooded hill, where, after a gunfight, Dyke is captured.

Book 2, Chapter 6 Summary

The ranchers learn that because their ranches were not included in the Supreme Court test cases, the Railroad will attempt to quickly take possession of their lands and install the dummy buyers. The news increases their talk of establishing a united front, but the idea seems distant on the morning of Osterman’s jackrabbit drive—a pest-control practice in agricultural communities, since jackrabbits can decimate entire fields of crops. The ranchers and their families excitedly gather for the event “in their Sunday finery” (489).

The jackrabbit drive is a popular event, similar to Annixter’s barn dance, and it attracts all of the locals to Osterman’s farm. People on horseback and in their wagons surround the harvested fields and slowly push inwards, driving the jackrabbits into an enclosure meant to corral them. As the drive begins, Annixter reflects upon his overwhelming love for Hilma and how this has transformed both of them, she into a motherly figure who has “fearlessly” (497) shed self-interest.

Thousands of jackrabbits are backed into the corral, and the crowd is astonished at the sight of the writhing mass of bodies. When “the killing [goes] forward” (502), however, the event is undertaken by migrant workers from local farms, while the ranchers and their families retreat to the nearby picnic and barbeque.

After dinner, while most engage in games of physical sport, a messenger arrives with news that agents from the Railroad, with the assistance of marshals, have taken possession of Annixter’s ranch and are on their way to Los Muertos. Believing a show of force will end the conflict, Magnus sends word that he needs the weight of the 600-member League to help him hold off the agents. When called, however, only a handful of men—including Annixter, Harran, Hooven, Osterman, Broderson, and Presley—arrive to help Magnus defend his home from S. Behrman, Delaney, and the Marshals.

The small group arm themselves and take position outside of Hooven’s farm, with Presley left unarmed, only “to watch” (513). When the riders first arrive, Magnus attempts to diffuse the situation, but the discussion becomes heated. The other ranchers, out of earshot, grow nervous. Attempting to safely retrieve Magnus, the ranchers become so agitated that Hooven fires his rifle into the men; a shootout begins. Hooven, Broderson, and Annixter are instantly killed, and Harran and Osterman are mortally wounded. 

Book 2, Chapters 4-6 Analysis

The fourth chapter explores the developing consequences of the tensions broiling in the valley—the environmental and psychological factors that Naturalism suggests lead humans to their inevitable ends. Presley’s socialist poem achieves prominence and refines his focus, allowing him to imagine how he can finally help the ranchers in their battle against oppression. Magnus feels the change inside him—”[s]ome subtle element of his character had forsaken him” (399)—after bribing the officials; he now witnesses his idealized vision of himself, as an unimpeachable politician, crumble to reveal the crass reality. Dyke is increasingly subject to Caraher’s influence; he lets his farm collapse; and he leaves his mother and daughter to fend for themselves before he finally robs a train and kills a rail worker (and former colleague). Meanwhile, Annixter is growing to accept his longing for connection, and he enjoys a few weeks of domestic bliss—a bliss that is deflated as soon as he enters the valley. Still, he preserves his newfound character by inviting Mrs. Dyke and Sidney to live with him. In doing so, he embraces the range of feminine life, whereas before, he broadly and fully rejected it.

At the end of the chapter, after Presley witnesses Lyman’s turn and Annixter’s violent reprisal, he ponders the newly growing wheat and has an epiphany about its essential function as a colossal force indifferent to human squabbles. This presages his revelation at the end of the novel, though he cannot yet fully recognize the import of the idea—he needs the visceral experience outside Hooven’s farm to completely “learn” the truth. The chapter’s conclusion is a micro-version of the end of the novel, in which the Railroad’s back-dealing meets violent reprisal, and only afterward can Presley recognize the larger truth that the wheat symbolizes.

Chapter 5 increases the narrative tension. It opens with a foreshadowing reference to the jackrabbits, which will later become the major symbol of the entrapped ranchers at Hooven’s Farm. For now, the fifth chapter explores the tightening vice around the ranchers—the environmental factors that fatalistically, Naturalistically lead people to their inevitable ends. Both Magnus and Lyman find their natures exposed, and the extent of the Railroad’s power is on full display. His illusions crushed, Magnus must continue down the path to salvage his reputation.

The slow coercion of jackrabbits into their inevitable corral is among the strongest visual cues for the novel’s Naturalistic philosophy. The rabbit’s massacre, while highly anticipated, sickens the ranchers and their families, and they turn away to leave the killing to migrant workers. This mirrors their response to the crises on Magnus’s farm: Dozens of the Leaguers drilled and practiced as an army, just as they gleefully took part in the jackrabbit drive—but when they are called upon for the bloody acts, they turn away, and only a handful of men answer Magnus’s call. The helpless nature of the jackrabbits, trapped and terrified by something they cannot understand, becomes ever more prescient as the ranchers collect outside Hooven’s farm and prepare to defend land that is no longer theirs.

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