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Dorothy Hoobler, Thomas HooblerA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Lord Hakuseki accuses Michiko of stealing his jewel, claiming she asked him to show it to her. Seikei is shocked by the daimyo’s lie and by his willingness to violate the samurai code of honor. Hakuseki wants Judge Ooka to torture Michiko to get a confession. Seikei blurts out that it wasn’t Michiko but a jikininki who put it there. Seikei’s father apologizes, calling him “half-witted” and untrustworthy, but Ooka asks Seikei to tell him everything Seikei saw and heard.
When Seikei does, the judge asks why he wasn’t scared. Seikei tells him that he reminded himself that samurai face death fearlessly, and the judge, a samurai himself, asks where Seikei learned this, his eyes “twinkling.” Seikei mentions a book he once read, which Judge Ooka knows, as he too read it as a boy. With Seikei’s help, the judge finds a tunnel underneath the hall floorboards, and he tells Seikei to follow it.
In the tunnel, Seikei is terrified. He forces himself to move forward and “not give in to fear” (49). When Seikei reaches the end, he climbs up into the light, finding Ooka waiting for him inside the temple grounds, where a troupe of actors slept the night before. When Seikei points out that the tunnel could not have been dug in one night, Ooka is impressed by his observation. Ooka says the theft could not have been as simple as it seems.
Hakuseki is certain the jewel found in Michiko’s room is his own, but Ooka smashes it, revealing it to be glass. Ooka concludes that the thief took the jewel and hid the imitation, knowing that it would be discovered and assumed real, so no one would think to pursue the real thief. When the innkeeper claims to know nothing of the tunnel, Ooka orders his men to take him away and “use methods” to persuade him to talk.
Ooka sends Hakuseki and Seikei’s father on their way to Edo, saying he needs Seikei’s help and will return him to his father in a few days. He commends Seikei for being “bright” and “brave,” and Michiko thanks him for risking his safety to save her. Seikei demurs, as an honorable person tells the truth without considering the consequences.
Ooka, his men, and Seikei ride to the judge’s house, just outside of town. Ooka orders one samurai, Bunzo, to teach Seikei to ride a horse. Bunzo, like many others, dislikes merchants and finds them to be dishonest. Bunzo believes that, despite Ooka’s wisdom and ability to see things others don’t, he makes a mistake by taking Seikei under his wing.
After his lesson, Ooka and Seikei bathe. Ooka tells Seikei that, when left alone with a sword, the innkeeper committed death by seppuku, a ritual form of death by suicide. Seikei suggests that the innkeeper died by seppuku rather than confessing, because he is protecting someone, that a samurai would choose death rather than betray a friend.
Ooka takes Seikei to his beautiful garden to present the boy with a wooden sword, and he summons the spirits of nature, or kami, to bless their journey.
Ooka and Seikei return to the courtyard. Ooka explains that they will pursue the thief alone because an old man and young boy raise little suspicion. On the road, Seikei sees a man with a basket on his head, and Ooka tells him the man is a komuso, or wandering holy man; Seikei remarks that this would be a good disguise for a thief. When they stop for lunch, Ooka asks a server if she has seen anything odd that day. She reports that a group of actors passed through, and one man paid for his meal by doing tricks, including backflips. Seikei asks if the man was short, with a scar down his right cheek, and the woman confirms this. Seikei tells Ooka about the beggar who flipped away from Hakuseki’s horse and had such a scar.
Ooka notes the way a solitary tree catches Seikei’s attention, and he remarks on the way everyone notices it because it is different. He says, “Fate has put it where it cannot grow straight and tall. It reminds us of something that we fear,” asking Seikei if he’s “ever felt that [he is] in the wrong place? [Or if] fate had made [him] different?” (69). Seikei admits he has often felt this way, and the judge says that some people who feel like this become criminals.
Ooka points out the travelers going to Ise, the holiest place in Japan. He suggests they stop there. Seikei is surprised by how “rowdy” the town is. Ooka spots the komuso they saw earlier. When Ooka and Seikei reach their teahouse lodgings, Ooka tells Seikei to rest because they will go to a kabuki play that night. Though samurai are forbidden to attend kabuki, Ooka does so out of duty to the shogun.
That night, Ooka and Seikei go to a play called The Forty-Seven Ronin because Ooka suspects the thief likes the story. He tells Seikei to pay attention to the plot to understand the thief’s character, and why he grew into a bent tree instead of a tall and straight one.
In the play, a daimyo is dishonorably slain by another lord, and his men become ronin—masterless samurai—determined to avenge their lord. For a year, the 47 ronin act disgracefully so that no one suspects their plan. Eventually, they confront the daimyo who killed their lord, decapitating him. The ronin carry the man’s head to the shogun and explain how he disgraced their daimyo and, by extension, them, knowing the shogun must put them to death for killing the lord. To retain their newly restored honor, each of the 47 ronin commits death by seppuku. Seikei wonders if one of the actors might be the man with the scar, and he wants to follow them to see them without makeup. Ooka is tired, so he tells Seikei to go and report back to him.
Seikei goes backstage. He meets a boy named Kazuo, who works for the troupe. Seikei asks about a particular actor, and Kazuo tells him the man is called Tomomi, though he doesn’t think that’s his real name. Kazuo says that Tomomi is likely in the “floating world,” the pleasure quarters where geishas live.
When Kazuo and Seikei find Tomomi there, the actor asks about Seikei’s wooden sword. When Tomomi insults Judge Ooka, Seikei reflexively touches the sword, and Tomomi challenges him to a fight. Seikei accepts the challenge in a very dignified way, prompting a similar response from Tomomi, who calls himself “Genji, the son of the daimyo Takezaki Kita” (93). He admits that this is his true origin, and smears his make-up to reveal his scar. Tomomi says that he has been disgraced but vows to restore his honor.
During their duel, Seikei sees that Tomomi wears a cross and realizes Tomomi is a “Kirishitan.” Tomomi wins Seikei’s sword from him, and Tomomi reminds him that a disgraced samurai must “kill himself in the ceremony known as seppuku” (95). Seikei does not complain or protest that he is not really a samurai, surprising Tomomi. Tomomi vows to return Seikei’s sword if Seikei does something for him. Seikei hears the komuso’s flute from far away.
Seikei awakens in the common hall, where pilgrims sleep. He remembers that Tomomi has his sword, and Seikei feels he cannot return to Judge Ooka without it.
Kazuo brings him some food and says that Tomomi has gone to the shrine of Amaterasu. Seikei and Kazuo go to the shrine. Seikei prays that Amaterasu will help him to recover his sword and, thus, retain his honor. They find Tomomi, and Seikei watches Tomomi drop a red jewel into an offering bowl set out for Amaterasu. Tomomi asks Seikei to tell Ooka what he saw and returns Seikei’s sword.
The Importance of Honor is an important value in 18th-century Japan, with these chapters further exploring the Japanese ideal of honor. Despite his community’s prejudice against merchants, which Seikei describes and which is represented in Bunzo’s bias, Seikei jeopardizes his own safety by confessing what he saw at the inn rather than allowing Michiko to be blamed for the theft. Though merchants are maligned as corrupt and money-hungry and are afforded little respect by society, and although he is not beholden to the samurai code of conduct, “Seikei had to tell the truth” (43). Later, when Judge Ooka tells Seikei to go into the tunnel beneath the inn, the boy “regretted having spoken out, but he could not have remained silent” (44).
Seikei’s personal integrity is neither respected nor rewarded by society. His insistence on behaving with honor—though his own father insults him for it—is indicative of his noble character and integrity, foreshadowing his destiny to be a samurai despite his birth. As Seikei tells Michiko, "It is honorable to speak the truth without regard for the consequences" (54). Michiko, who is sagacious enough to perceive Hakuseki's real character, is one of only two people to appreciate Seikei's honor. Ooka also recognizes Seikei's strength and insight, giving him a chance to prove himself by asking for his help with the investigation.
Despite Seikei’s integrity and intelligence, many other characters fail to appreciate or esteem him, reflecting the problem of Personal Ambition Versus Societal Expectations. His father calls him “half-witted” and wishes he’d give up his dreams. Bunzo is convinced that—regardless of Ooka’s ability to recognize truths that others miss—the judge has overestimated Seikei’s ability. Even Kazuo, a boy of similar age and lower status than Seikei, cautions Seikei about the dangers of ambition. Kazuo tells Seikei, “Everyone is born into his proper place. Think of what might happen if people tried to become something they were not meant to be. There would be fighting and disorder, and everyone would suffer” (99-100). Kazuo was raised in the kabuki and wishes to become an actor, so his ambition is not at odds with his status; therefore, it is not difficult for him to accede to the social rules that privilege heredity over merit and ambition. For Seikei, on the other hand, his birth status does not accord with his own desires or what he feels himself capable of becoming, which creates a source of conflict for him in the narrative.
The Importance of Honor in 18th-century Japanese culture is also highlighted by the many references to the ceremony of death by seppuku. The innkeeper dies by seppuku rather than lose his honor by betraying whoever is responsible for the tunnel underneath his inn. His death is the only way to make sure he protects this person, which is regarded as an honorable thing to do in his society. In fact, Ooka’s men give the innkeeper the opportunity to complete this ritual death by suicide by leaving him alone with a sword, demonstrating the importance of maintaining one’s honor. Likewise, when Seikei loses his sword to Tomomi, he thinks, “If he could not recover it, the only honorable thing to do was kill himself. That was what a samurai would do” (102). Seikei once again demonstrates his integrity as he holds himself to the samurai code of conduct without enjoying any of the status or respect society affords this group.
At the end of The Forty-Seven Ronin, the ronin know the shogun must claim their lives because they killed a daimyo, even though they did so to regain the honor they lost when this man dishonorably slew their lord. While the ronin “have done what any samurai should do,” the shogun reminds them, “You know what honor demands” (83). To retain the honor they’ve just reclaimed, the ronin must commit death by seppuku themselves. Just before the final ronin—portrayed on the stage by Tomomi—dies by his own sword, he shouts to the audience, “Remember us! For we are the spirit of Japan!” (84). The audience cheers loudly at this resolution because, for them, saving one’s honor is more important than saving one’s life.
In addition, the circumstances of the theft, Judge Ooka’s insightfulness, and Tomomi’s actions introduce a new theme regarding The Deceptiveness of Appearances. When the innkeeper exhibits a samurai’s regard for honor, choosing death by seppuku when given the chance, Ooka says, “I think we will find that the theft of the jewel was not as simple as it first appeared” (51), as it does not make sense for a samurai to disguise himself as an innkeeper. Furthermore, the introduction of a glass imitation for Hakuseki’s ruby—which deceives all but the judge—once more suggests the misleading power of appearances. Bunzo tells Seikei that Ooka “sees things that others do not notice” (51), suggesting that most deceptions work and that it takes wisdom to spot inconsistencies or falsehoods.
The problem of appearances also applies to social status. Seikei’s low, merchant status also deceives many who fail to look beyond his appearance and see his many merits. Meanwhile, Tomomi, who drunkenly calls himself “Genji, the son of the daimyo Takezaki Kita” (93), seems to be a samurai masquerading as a poor, disgraced actor, not unlike the 47 ronin who acted dishonorably for a year to hide their plans. Even the fact that Tomomi appears to give Hakuseki’s ruby as an offering to Amaterasu could be designed to trick Ooka into thinking the thief no longer possesses the jewel. The Deceptiveness of Appearances thus makes it difficult to know who is telling the truth and who is hiding something, what is real and what is imitation only.
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