logo

42 pages 1 hour read

Pip Williams

The Dictionary of Lost Words

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2020

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Part 4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 4: “1907-1913 Polygenous-Sorrow”

Part 4, Chapter 1 Summary: “September 1907”

After the loss of her daughter, Esme falls into depression. She considers the relationship between words and feelings. Ditte suggests that Esme and Lizzie spend some time in the countryside to recuperate. As Lizzie mothers Esme, who is not able to care for herself, Esme considers Lizzie’s narrow life and missed opportunities. Free from her constant duties, Lizzie becomes healthier and more relaxed, befriending a neighboring couple, the Lloyds, and growing close to Mrs. Lloyd. Esme sees who Lizzie might have been in another life. Resistant at first to the process of healing, Esme slowly grows stronger and more self-assured. She asks Lizzie if God will forgive her.

Mrs. Lloyd helps the illiterate Lizzie send a letter to Ditte informing her of their progress. Esme learns a new local phrase, “Bostin mairt,” old Scottish slang for an excellent cow.

Part 4, Chapter 2 Summary: “November 1907”

Lizzie and Esme return home, where Esme becomes uncomfortably aware of their different social positions due to Lizzie’s resumed role as a domestic worker.

Three new men have arrived at the Scriptorium, including Mr. Dankworth, who imposingly examines and corrects Esme’s work. Mr. Dankworth pushes into Esme’s space and makes her feel small and insignificant. Harry encourages Esme towards marriage with one of the other new editors, but Esme declines. They discuss what makes a good family or marriage. After some consideration, Harry tells her a good family is based on love, while Esme considers the various meanings of the word “Mother.”

Part 4, Chapter 3 Summary: “November 1908”

Esme assists Lizzie in writing to Mrs. Lloyd. She also complains about Mr. Dankworth’s sexism. Esme and Lizzie return to the market to visit Mabel, who turns out to be very ill. Mabel teaches Esme the word “Morbs,” slang that comes from the word “morbid” and describes a bad feeling, and gives her a carving as a gift. Esme considers the different ways women will be affected by the vote: While it will change things for the educated, women like Lizzie will barely notice the difference. The next weekend when Esme and Lizzie go to the market, Mabel is not there: A neighboring vendor found her dead behind her stall.

Esme feels guilty that the words she collected from the market and from everyday women sit hidden in her treasure box. She fears they will be forgotten instead of going into the Dictionary where they can be seen. At the Scriptorium, Esme sees Mr. Dankworth make surreptitious edits to the other editors’ work.

Part 4, Chapter 4 Summary: “May 1909”

Mr. Dankworth moves to a new desk away from Esme’s, and Esme is grateful for the breathing room. Thinking about words declared to be obscene and excluded from the Dictionary—typically words to do with women’s bodies—she opens her treasure box and decides to put together a volume of women’s words, ones that didn’t make it into Dr. Murray’s Dictionary, so that they can be shared and valued. Lizzie is cautious about including words that inappropriate or impolite, even though they agree that Dr. Murray’s system is flawed.

Esme comes across an article about suffragette arrests and force-feeding after a hunger strike. She wonders why in the press, women are always represented by their relationship to men. Ditte writes that Esme’s daughter, named Megan, is alive and well. Later, Esme visits Gareth at the Press. He teaches her about his job composing type out of metal stamps. She sees the phrase “Scold’s Bridle,” an instrument of public torture and humiliation for women accused of being gossips, and compares its use to the starvation and force-feeding the suffragettes endure. She gathers several of the metal letters and puts them in her pocket.

Part 4, Chapter 5 Summary: “December 1912”

Esme’s women’s dictionary grows with stray words that the Oxford English Dictionary has rejected. She adds a new slip to the collection she keeps in her desk, catching Mr. Dankworth’s attention. For a moment Esme imagines he may be sympathetic to her cause, but he dismisses her work as unimportant and trivial. She drops the slips in nervousness. When Gareth helps her gather them, Esme explains why she wants to give the excluded words a home. Gareth comes to the Scriptorium more and more often. One of the next times he comes, he brings her a slip with a word from his mother: “Cabbage,” used as an endearment.

Part 4, Chapter 6 Summary: “January 1913”

On her way to the Bodleian Library, Esme is caught up in a suffragette protest that turns violent. A man attacks her, but she is rescued by Gareth and Tilda, who has returned to Oxford. Tilda invites Gareth and Esme to meet her later, so Esme takes Gareth to the Murrays’, where Lizzie helps patch him up. As they discuss the actions of the suffrage movement, Esme considers the meaning of the word “Sisterhood.” Later, Esme and Gareth meet Tilda and two suffragette friends, each from a different social class. Esme challenges their perceptions of the women’s vote. Tilda is in Oxford to support the WSPU. Bill is now married and a father.

Mr. Dankworth leaves the Scriptorium, Esme gets a raise, and Gareth receives a promotion to manager of the Press.

One night, Tilda appears at Esme’s home with a burnt hand and asks Esme and Gareth for help. Esme feels Tilda’s actions are too rash and will only hindering their cause, while Tilda feels that explosive actions cannot be ignored. Tilda takes a train to London, and a fire is featured in the newspaper the next day.

Part 4, Chapter 7 Summary: “May 1913”

Harry dies of a stroke, and Esme is overcome with grief. She stays with Lizzie, and Ditte arrives to keep her company. Esme, Ditte, and Gareth walk to Harry’s favorite places, including a bridge where he often came with Esme’s mother. They discover flowers Harry left there for Lily—something he had done continuously since her death.

Part 4 Analysis

The birth of Esme’s daughter divides her life into a before and after: maidenhood and post-motherhood. The novel capitalizes mentions of Esme’s daughter as “She” and “Her” to convey the near-divine importance the lost child has taken on in Esme’s mind. The newborn that Esme only knows very briefly before having to give the baby up is too visceral an experience to be explained in language: “She couldn’t be defined by any of the words I found, and eventually I stopped looking” (214). The depression Esme experiences after the adoption is very different from any of the other traumatic experiences she has lived through—a psychic trauma that no amount of candlelit vigils in the Scriptorium could assuage. This assault on language, especially the language of women’s suffering, highlights Esme’s subsequent desire to empower and give weight to women’s words through her dictionary.

Esme’s privileged perspective on Class Divides is transformed when Lizzie steps into a new role as protector and lady of the household while Esme recuperates from her depressive episode. Lizzie becomes more comfortable and self-assured in the company of Mrs. Lloyd, and Esme learns to see Lizzie as a human being who could have had a much fuller life than her servant duties allow. When they return to their previous positions at Oxford, Esme’s new empathy for Lizzie makes the social divisions between them more pronounced and harder to face: In resuming her job with the Murrays, Lizzie loses some of the agency and growth she experienced. However, words again play an important role in making sure Lizzie’s opportunities are not entirely lost, as Ditte and Esme help Lizzie write letters to her new friend Mrs. Lloyd—communication the illiterate Lizzie would not have had access to previously.

Esme’s renewed energy in working on her dictionary parallels the rising tensions of the suffragette movement. The novel contrasts the two efforts: Though both fight for better Gender Dynamics, Esme is trying to produce something while Tilda and her fellow activists are violently destroying the status quo. As has been an ongoing motif in the novel, violence done to women’s bodies remains a constant refrain. Here, as suffragettes embark on hunger strikes after being arrested, the state engages in force-feeding—a horrific form of torture in which prison guards held women down, used steel gags to force open their mouths, shoved rubber tubes down their throats, and poured liquid food into their stomachs—most of which would be immediately vomited up because of the violence of this assault. The process is reminiscent of the Scold’s Bridle (a part of which was also forcibly inserted into a woman’s mouth) that Esme encountered earlier. In the foreground, meanwhile, Tilda burns her hand in a radical terrorist action in support of the women’s vote—an injury that parallels Esme’s permanently burned hand. Each woman sacrifices her body to the cause which would become the driving force of their lives.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text
blurred text