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77 pages 2 hours read

Olga Tokarczuk

The Books of Jacob

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2014

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Part 3, Chapters 16-18Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 3: “The Book of the Road”

Part 3, Chapter 16 Summary

In Europe, the Seven Years’ War begins. In Moliwda’s town near Craiova, the inhabitants prepare for “the Last Judgement” (587). In Kamieniec, Krysa embarrasses the Rabbis who face Jacob’s followers in the disputation. Jacob’s followers win the court case and win public opinion to their side; the court orders that every copy of the Talmud, a Jewish holy text, should be burned. Moliwda happily agrees to return to Poland with Jacob and Nahman. Angry, emboldened crowds burst into Jewish houses and burn any book they find. The violence against books becomes violence against people.

A dinner is held to honor Bishop Dembowski’s promotion to archbishop. Father Pikulski teaches the attendees “what this Jewish fuss is all about” (581) and teaches them about gematria, a Jewish form of numerology (See: Background). Before Dembowksi can take up his new position, however, he suffers from a stroke and dies. From her unique position, Yente can see how “all the individual elements” (574) of the world are connected. The death of the bishop ends Jacob’s momentary protection from the law and he flees to Turkey, where rumors suggest that he has converted to Islam. Sobla and Israel debate whether they can keep the barely-living Yente in their home. Sobla worries that keeping Jacob’s grandmother in this fashion “invites disaster” (570).

Asher Rubin has spent four years working as a doctor in Lwow. Among his accomplishments, he has worked with a lens grinder to provide spectacles “to those who cannot see” (568). He lives with Gitla and her son, but he struggles to understand her, allowing people to think that she is a servant or relative. However, he knows that the truth about her will soon be revealed in the small Jewish community of Lwow.

Katarzyna Kossakowska writes to Bishop Kajetan Soltyk about the death of Bishop Dembowski, the plight of Jacob’s so-called Shabbitarians, and the imminent appointment of Lubienski as Dembowski’s successor. Dembowski’s funeral is held.

One evening, Asher is summoned to provide urgent medical care to Elisha Shorr, who has been “attacked, beaten, broken” (559) while visiting Lwow. Asher treats the badly-wounded Elisha, as well as his injured sons. That same night, he goes out to treat a patient and tells Gitla to lock the doors behind him. The streets of Lwow are filled with angry Jewish mobs searching for heretics to attack.

Druzbacka writes to Father Chmielowski about poetry and writing. She describes their different perspectives on how writing should expose people to new information. Chmielowski responds, writing that the recent death of Dembowski has made him reflect on his own mortality. His writing is interrupted by the arrival of Elisha Shorr, who brings his books to the old priest to save them from being burned. Israel and Sobla arrange for Yente’s half-living body to be laid at the rear of a deep cave to keep her “safe” (550).

Part 3, Chapter 17 Summary

Nahman, Shorr, and Nussen are beaten in the riots following the death of Bishop Dembowski but they survive. After, the Shabbitarians’ schism: Krysa and the Shorr family go to visit the disciples of Baruchiah in Salonika while Nahman, Hayim, Moshe ben Israel, and Yeruhim Lipmanowicz go to search for Jacob. Nahman’s wife Leah grows sick of his devotion to Jacob over her and asks for a divorce. Nahman feels “relief” (548) as he has never been particularly interested in matters concerning women, though he feels guilty that he neglected Leah.

The group finds Jacob in Giurgiu, where he has a house with a vineyard. Jacob suggests that he and his followers “apply for Turkish protection” (544). They visit a local ruler and, as a group, convert to Islam. The group of 13 is now permitted to live in the Ottoman Empire and they continue to follow Jacob and his teachings. Nahman is “happy” (543).

The group farms and sells their produce over the following year, including wine from the vineyard. Old followers and new recruits move into the house. Moliwda is still in Poland. He speaks with nobles and even the king, eventually arranging for Jacob and his followers to receive a promise of “safe conduct” (540) back into Poland. Jacob sends representatives to go ahead of him, encouraging those exiled from Poland to return with him. Nahman warns Jacob that they should return as quickly as possible, as many of his followers who remained in Poland (such as the Shorrs) may be tempted to look elsewhere “for leadership” (538).

Elisha Shorr retrieves his books from Father Chmielowski’s safekeeping. He gifts the priest a copy of Kabbala Denudata by von Rosenroth as a way to say thank you. The mysticism of the “strange book” (535) confuses him. One day, a stranger is left outside the priest’s house by the Jewish locals and he asks for shelter. He introduces himself as Jan of Okno and Chmielowski is shocked to see that the “lower half of the man’s face is completely distorted by scars, as though the skin had been ripped off him” (533-532). Jan explains that he comes from a family of poor serfs, who worked the land for an abusive local lord. Jan tried to escape several times but was caught and punished. The lord’s men beat him so severely that they assumed he was dead, so they left him in a ditch. There, he was found by “some Jews passing by on a couple of carts” (530). When he woke up, Jan found himself in the Shorrs’ cowshed—he initially believed it to be some kind of purgatory.

Moliwda visits Katarzyna Kossakowska, who is married to his distant cousin. He explains the plight of Jacob and his followers and requests help in securing safe passage for their return. She reveals that Bishop Soltyk will be easiest to convince in this matter as his gambling debts make him pliable. By paying “enough to buy back the bishop’s pawned insignia” (524), Jacob and his followers can receive their safe passage. Moliwda travels through Poland and encounters the “freemen and vagabonds” (521) that Nahman spoke about; these wanderers are poor itinerant people who sell trinkets and beg for alms. Moliwda goes to Warsaw, where he stays with his brother. He has not seen his brother in many years and they have little to discuss. In taverns, he drinks heavily and tells invented stories about his life.

Eventually, he secures an audience with Bishop Soltyk, who expects to soon be appointed as the Bishop of Krakow even though he has a “massive debt” (514). Soltyk hopes that converting Jacob and his followers to Christianity will burnish his reputation. Father Pikulski writes to Bishop Lubienski, warning that Moliwda’s checkered past might make him untrustworthy, while Moliwda also writes to Lubienski about “the matter of Jacob Leybowicz Frank and his disciples” (508) and their unfair persecution. Meanwhile, Hana prepares to leave Turkey and return to Poland. She has recently given birth to Jacob’s second child, a boy named Immanuel. 

Part 3, Chapter 18 Summary

The outcasts return to Poland, only to discover that “they no longer [have] homes” (504). Their houses are now occupied, and their jobs have been given to others. They set up a village in Ivanie and establish farms, organized by Osman of Czernowitz. In the village, “all work is communal” (502). Everyone is excited when Jacob eventually arrives. He chooses to live in a simple, small hut and is attended to by a young woman named Wittel. Jacob works during the day and, later, he delivers sermons to the men and women of the village. His sermons are peppered with “dirty jokes” (500). He preaches about the communal ownership of property, and people believe that his touch can “melt away all maladies” (498). Jacob also preaches that he is not bound by traditional requirements for monogamy, so his followers willingly send their wives to have sex with him. Wittel willingly sleeps with Jacob at her husband’s encouragement but, when Hana arrives in the village, she is sidelined. She becomes jealous until Jacob selects seven women from the village and separates them from their husbands. Wittel is among them, though other “chosen women [stand] there overwhelmed, in silence” (495) or they cry.

From Hana’s perspective, the town is filthy and chaotic. Jacob’s miracles cure do not work for everyone; babies die, the elderly are not cared for, and even Jacob himself has lice. To her, Jacob seems “completely changed” (494). He has lost interest in her, and she wants to return to Turkey. Moliwda arrives in Ivanie and is delighted by how much the community resembles his own hometown, “just colder and so not quite as cozy” (493). Moliwda is greeted warmly, and he reads aloud his letters to the rulers of Poland, written in his “ornate style” (490). The men sit and drink. They argue about whether they should accept the demand that they be baptized. Moliwda warns that “here in Poland no one is going to give full rights to the Jews” (489), so baptism may be essential. When alone with Jacob, Moliwda criticizes Jacob’s teachings on infidelity, marriage, and sex. As Jacob sleeps, Moliwda “thinks of kissing Jacob’s lips” (486) but he does not.

The following day, Jacob comments on how Moliwda seems unknowable to him. They write another letter to Archbishop Lubienski and debate the best way to win the man’s sympathies. The central pillars of the group’s beliefs are put to a vote. Krysa angrily protests the group’s acceptance of baptism; the motion passes with some conditions. That night Jacob sends a girl named Tanna to have sex with Moliwda and he gratefully accepts. When riding to Kamieniec with Nahman, Moliwda provocatively calls Jacob a “con man” (477). When Nahman talks at length about Jacob’s religious credentials, Moliwda is surprised by how little Nahman knows about “political systems, governments” (476), or anything other than his own religion. In Kamieniec, Moliwda meets with Archbishop Lubienski. The archbishop has a cold from traveling and Asher Rubin helps him select a new pair of spectacles. After Father Pikulski cautions him not to trust Jacob and his followers, Lubienski appoints Moliwda to oversee the matter “under [the archbishop’s] wing” (472). He insists that Jacob and his family be baptized first.

Part 3, Chapters 16-18 Analysis

As Part 3 develops, external geopolitical events begin to take a toll on the narrative. Jacob is an international figure, having passed frequently over the ill-defined borders at the periphery of the Ottoman Empire. At this stage, however, his actions are inherently local. He is conversing with thousands of people, rather than tens of thousands. He is operating at a town level, far away from the epicenters of political power. The relatively small size of his operation is revealed by the development of the war. The wars between the countries in the novel are large, totalizing events which Jacob cannot control. Sometimes these wars work in his favor while, at other times, they force him to endure a greater degree of scrutiny. The role of the war is to demonstrate that Jacob is a relatively powerless man, even if he claims to be the Messiah. For all his promises of salvation and power, he exists at the whim of states and governments which barely recognize his existence. The purpose of the wars in the novel is to remind the audience that Jacob is very much a pawn in a game that he may not even fully comprehend.

Asher Rubin is introduced to the story long before Jacob. They are similar men in certain respects. Their ethnic and religious backgrounds are similar, while they even share a common romantic partner in Gitla. Their worldviews could not be more different, however. Jacob is a self-declared Messiah who speaks in mystical tones of salvation. Asher invests his belief in a very different, far more secular institution: medicine. In the contemporary moment, Asher is positioned in such a way that his interest in medicine is just as radical as Jacob’s interest in Messianic prophecies. The Enlightenment ideas and the development of modern medicine as a practice mean that—to outside observers—Asher’s medical skills seem almost magical. To most people, Asher is as inscrutable a figure as Jacob. To them, both men possess hidden knowledge which seems to hold a power over life and death. The duality of medicine and religion is revealed in the differences between Jacob and Asher; the core similarities are revealed in the way in which the general public regards both men as beneficiaries of strange and powerful knowledge which should be respected as much as it should be feared. In this sense, Asher plays the role of a secular shadow to Jacob, providing an alternative route to the future guided by very different principles.

Ivanie is the first time that Jacob’s vision for society manifests in any meaningful form. Built at the periphery of society, with his followers’ status still in doubt, the unique aspect of Ivanie is that the entire town is built along the principles that Jacob advocates. A rejection of monogamy, the pooling of communal resources, and an equal distribution of labor are Jacob’s edicts, which are then followed by the people of Ivanie. These people rejoice, praising Jacob for the loving, egalitarian community that he has built. However, their perspective is distinctly biased.

There is a clear difference in perceptions of Ivanie between devoted followers of Jacob and those who have their doubts about him. The characters who take a more cynical view of Jacob are not convinced by the wondrous, unceasing praise of the Ivanie community. They describe the town differently. To them, the town is squalid, miserable, and filled with desperately impoverished people who have turned to Jacob as a last option before giving up hope entirely. The contrast between these points of view illustrates the power of Jacob’s charisma. He can convince his followers that squalor is paradise, meaning that they will never be able to see his faults in earnest. Ivanie provides the roadmap for understanding why the most devoted of Jacob’s followers refuse to acknowledge the true state of the world—they are in thrall to his cult of personality. 

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