The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity

The caste system is a traditional form of social stratification in India. In Sen’s analysis, the caste system represents historical inequality within Indian society. Yet, he suggests that India’s argumentative tradition and heterodox philosophies like Buddhism and Jainism have historically provided platforms for questioning and challenging such inequalities.

The charka, or spinning wheel, is a tool used for spinning thread or yarn from natural or synthetic fibers. Gandhi adopted it as a symbol of Indian self-reliance and resistance to British economic policies. Sen contrasts Tagore’s pragmatic criticism of the charka’s economic inefficiency with Gandhi’s symbolic and moral appreciation for it, reflecting their differing ideologies.

Hindutva, meaning “Hinduness,” is an ideology seeking to establish the hegemony of Hindus and the Hindu way of life. Sen examines Hindutva to critique the political use of Hindu identity, contrasting it with the diverse, inclusive, and argumentative tradition he sees as essential to India’s historical identity. India, in his view, has been the home of many different religions and viewpoints, and nationalistic narratives threaten Indian democracy.

Lokāyata/Cārvāka refers to an ancient Indian school of materialism, which Sen cites as evidence of India’s historical skepticism and rationalist tradition. This philosophy, which challenged prevailing religious and spiritual beliefs, demonstrates the subcontinent’s rich tradition of philosophical debate and heterodoxy. India is home to traditions of both spiritualty and rationalism.

Nationalism is a significant theme in Sen’s analysis, particularly in relation to Rabindranath Tagore, who was a critic of aggressive nationalism. Tagore’s philosophical stance on nationalism, which emphasized the balance between valuing one’s own culture and one’s openness to others, is presented as an embodiment of the inclusive, argumentative tradition that is central to India’s identity.