44 pages • 1 hour read
Jennifer JacobsonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Each chapter of Small as an Elephant begins with a fact about elephants, the first of which notes how similar elephants are to people. Eleven-year-old protagonist Jack loves elephants and knows everything about them. He awakens in his tent at Acadia National Park, where he and his mother Becky have been camping on their summer vacation. Immediately, Jack notices that his mom’s tent and all the camping gear is gone, along with her rental car, and he stands in shock at first. Jack walks around the campgrounds, checking each campsite to see if his mother simply moved elsewhere, but he can’t find her. Experiencing hunger pangs, Jack changes his focus to finding something to eat. Jack asks a park attendant where the nearest food market is, hoping to come across some famous Maine red snapper hot dogs. He thinks about asking if she saw his mother, but decides against it. The woman directs him to a place down the street. Jack calls his mother, but she doesn’t answer, and he leaves her a voicemail asking where she is. He wonders whether their argument the night before is the reason she left him alone.
Jack arrives at Seawall Camping Supplies, a general service store inside a cabin that has showers as well as lobster by the pound. Jack sees a sign that advises patrons, “Change at the counter” (8), and he wishes his mother was there to laugh with him. Jack orders two red snapper hot dogs, and while he eats, he thinks about he should have been sharing this moment with his mom. He tries to put himself in Becky’s shoes, thinking about her tendency to run with ideas and wondering why she would go to such efforts to plan a trip but then leave him. He decides not to let his mother ruin the vacation and goes down to the beach to put his feet in the ocean, all the while still looking for her. At the beach, Jack meets two kids named Aiden and Julie, and he plays on the rocks with Aiden for a while before he and his sister leave with their parents. Jack looks down at the rocks and imagines they’re a herd of elephants. He lays down on top of one and thinks about the first time he met an elephant. His mother took him to the zoo when he was four years old, and when they went into the elephant tent, Becky held Jack while the elephant gently tapped his shoulder. Jack screamed in panic at first, but the elephant coaxed him out of his fear and even made him laugh. Jack felt safe with the elephant then, safer than he’d ever felt.
On his way back to the campsite, Jack passes Aiden and Julie’s site but knows that if he goes to greet them, he’ll only end up drawing attention to his situation. At the campsite, his mother hasn’t returned, and he keeps telling himself she’ll be back soon. A park ranger appears and asks Jack if he’s in trouble, and while Jack knows that he should admit what’s going on, he lies and says everything’s fine. He knows his situation isn’t like those of other kids and worries what will happen if he tells anyone he was left alone.
Jack uses the $10 he has to buy salami, cheese, and marshmallows from the supply store. He thinks about his mother finding him settled and taking care of himself and about the jokes they would make with each other; in truth, though, he knows he would react to her with understandable anger at her leaving him. On his way back to the campsite, he passes Aiden and Julie’s tent again and thinks about joining their family for dinner. He knows, however, that they would have questions and he would have to lie. Jack realizes that he doesn’t have enough change left for firewood and isn’t allowed to collect any, so he ends up eating his marshmallows cold, along with the meat and cheese, in his tent alone. He thinks of his earliest memory of his grandmother, in which they talked about how much elephants eat. Jack remembers how, soon after, his mother and grandmother stopped talking at all. Then he recalls a happy memory of a day he read to his mom from The Cowboy and His Elephant (Malcolm MacPherson) and she complimented his intelligence.
Jack wakes from a nap feeling extremely dehydrated. It’s nine o’clock at night and his mom still isn’t back, so he goes to the nearby tap to fill some cups with water. He runs into Aiden and Julie’s mother there, and she asks Jack about his mom. Jack says that she’s ill and staying at the campsite, and Aiden’s mother invites him to go to Echo Lake the following day. Jack decides that going with Aiden’s family to the lake is better than sitting around waiting for his mother, who may not even show up, so he accepts the invitation after assuring Aiden’s mother that he’ll get his mom’s permission. The next day, Jack awakens, still alone, and thinks about other times his mother left him without a word. She always came back and acted sweet, hoping Jack wouldn’t stay angry with her. While Jack eats the last of his food, another ranger questions him, but he assures the man that his mother is just off running errands.
During the trip to Echo Lake, Jack goes swimming with Aiden and eats a huge, decadent picnic after feeling starved. He again considers telling Aiden’s parents about his mother leaving but worries that someone will try to take him from her if they find out. He decides that he’ll try looking for her one more time, and if he can’t find her, he’ll ask for help. During the picnic, Jack points to a cloud that looks like an elephant and soon everyone sees elephants in the clouds. Jack remembers doing the same thing with his mom and starts missing her terribly. He goes somewhere private to try to call her again but realizes that he went swimming with his phone and ruined it. Realizing that his mother has no way of contacting or locating him, Jack falls to the ground and cries.
Jack tells Aiden’s parents a half-truth about being worried for his mother’s health since she’s sick. Aiden’s mother insists on checking up on her later, and Jack realizes that he has set himself up to be discovered. Without his phone, he worries about what would happen if his mother returned to the campsite, and whether she would know to stay and wait for him. He thinks back to when Social Services took him from his mother and sent him to live with his grandmother. It happened after police found his mother pestering people in the subway station, trying to get them to answer her riddle, “What can burn in space?” (46). Jack remembers frantically trying to calm her down as she went from person to person, poking them, tugging their clothes, and asking the same question over and over. When the train arrived, Jack’s mother refused to board, and the police found them soon after. Jack’s mother had always warned him never to tell anyone anything that went on with her, and when his grandmother took him in, he was questioned constantly about his home life. He told his grandmother nothing but felt like she always looked at him as though she knew. Rather than being discovered alone by Aiden’s mother, Jack decides to pack what he can (a flashlight, some comics, and a couple articles of clothing) and leaves the tent behind to go catch the bus.
The setting of rural Maine is a key aspect of Jack’s story and of the choices he makes along the way. Jack and his mother planned to take a vacation together and see all the sights along the coast of Maine on the way. Because Jack is far from home, he’s especially vulnerable and must be even more resourceful and clever than he would if he were stranded in his local community. Jack navigates an unknown landscape and puts himself at risk by camping alone in the woods. He puts his full trust in the wild and the people around him while simultaneously not trusting anyone at all.
The moments in these early scenes when Jack dips his toes in the ocean, plays and swims with a family he meets, and lies atop a warm rock that reminds him of the back of an elephant have a dreamlike quality, which contrasts most of the novel. The text has a poetic style in these moments as well: “They dipped their feet into the freezing-cold sea until Aiden’s parents called them away from the dangerous surf” (15). Since these scenes take place during the first day or two that Jack is on his own, panic hasn’t yet set in, and he enjoys himself. Jack’s decision to simply wait out his mother’s return suggests that he’s accustomed to being left this way and expects her to come back as she always has before. When Jack realizes that being at the campground is compromising his own safety (or at least his freedom), as well as his mother’s, he decides to leave and search for her elsewhere. Jack quickly becomes jealous of the family he meets because he knows that his life differs vastly from the typical family picture. The comfort, reliability, protection, and fun that Aiden’s family provides contrasts starkly with what his mother’s parenting provides.
The novel depicts Jack’s experiences and thoughts from the third-person perspective but frequently shifts to Jack’s direct thoughts, often in subtle ways that highlight the flaws in Jack’s thinking, as when Jack first awakens and realizes that his mother is gone: “Dang! The rental car was gone! He stood there, rooted as if his eyes just had to adjust to the light, had to let forms take shape, and the car would be there, right where she’d left it” (2). Jack’s personality reflects his ingenuity, his strength, and his intelligence. He’s resourceful and stays calm most of the time. He’s mature beyond his years and more capable and mentally in tune than his own mother. In many ways, he even feels a responsibility to protect her. However, he’s deeply aware that she should be the one protecting him and is failing to do so. In addition, Jack instinctively knows that if he tells anyone he was left alone like this, they’ll likely involve authorities who will separate him from his mother. This becomes his crux and his biggest fear, leading him to avoid getting the help he needs for days. Jack’s passion for elephants is a major aspect of his survival, both physically and mentally, because thinking about elephants, his memories involving them, and all the amazing things they can do both inspires and comforts him. Elephants are one of many sources of support and comfort that help Jack through this difficult experience, introducing one of the book’s primary themes: Sources of Unlikely Support in Trying Times.
Jack’s complex relationship with his mother, along with her mental illness (which the story doesn’t name or label) are the source of his conflict and the reason that he’s attempting to survive on his own. Jack wonders if he’s to blame for his mother’s disappearance because he argued with her the previous night. This is partly because of his young age, and partly because he never gave himself the chance to talk to anyone else about it and thus hasn’t received the clarity to understand that none of it is his fault. When his mother first leaves and Jack hasn’t yet endured most of the suffering he does later in the novel, he’s less angry with his mother and more entrenched in his positive memories of her. He knows that if she returned, “he’d be so mad, and at the same time so relieved, that he’d start to cry” (21).
He thinks about times they laughed together or he felt comforted by her presence. Quickly replacing these memories are those of the times that his mother’s illness impeded her ability to parent. Jack clearly knows his mother extremely well, as evident in this thoughts, his putting himself in her shoes (despite her mind working differently from most people’s), and in later chapters his visiting places he knows she would like. He realizes that finding his mother will be challenging because of her flightiness: “He doubted she’d be able to reason, to stay put, to wait patiently as he had” (42). Jack feels the need to protect his mother and tells lies to keep them from being separated more permanently, but Jack has yet to fully come to terms with his current separation from her. The mental stress and threats to his safety (or freedom) that result from Jack’s secrecy slowly wear on him and exhaust him, compounding the risk and introducing another of the novel’s main themes: The Effects of Unstable Attachment on Children.
Action & Adventure
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Childhood & Youth
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Community
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Family
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Fear
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Juvenile Literature
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Mental Illness
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Mothers
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Safety & Danger
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Trust & Doubt
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Valentine's Day Reads: The Theme of Love
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