logo

44 pages 1 hour read

Jennifer Jacobson

Small as an Elephant

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2011

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Background

Social Context: Unhoused Youth

Housing instability for youth is a significant issue in the US, where 4.2 million children and adolescents are living without a permanent home at any given time (“4 Million+ Young People Experience Homelessness Each Year.” Covenant House). Youths become unhoused for many reasons, including having a parent with a severe mental illness like Jack. Other possible reasons include discrimination, financial instability, parents who discriminate against their LGBTQ+ identities, a lack of affordable housing in their area, and a child having a mental illness. While the list of reasons why a child or adolescent might be unhoused is virtually infinite, the effects of living without a home are shared. Experiencing a lack of nutrition and sleep, social isolation, and uncertainty about shelter and safety puts youths in a constant state of alert and agitation, as Jack experiences. Without support, being unhoused can become a pattern that is difficult to escape. Youths can easily fall into negative situations such as substance use, involvement in gangs or crime, and missing school. Jack resorts to crime to stay alive, but doing so still puts him at risk and makes him feel guilty. In addition, Jack misses the beginning of school, which bothers him deeply. In the US, the issue of unhoused youth is currently being addressed through youth shelters and programs to help youths find housing and work and to improve their mental and physical health.

Psychosocial Context: Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mental illness defined by characteristic changes in a person’s mood. People who have bipolar disorder often experience physiological effects such as low energy and lack of motivation, and they often have difficulty concentrating on tasks or people. Completing even simple daily tasks like taking a shower or fixing a meal may become challenging. For Jack’s mother, Becky, her illness impairs her ability to parent Jack safely and conscientiously. In this instance, she leaves him on his own, and it isn’t the first time; she often departs without even telling him that she’s leaving. Jack describes his mother’s moods as being like a pinwheel, which reflects the shifts that happen in bipolar disorder: Jack notes that Becky, like a pinwheel, is usually either still, lacking motivation to do much at all, or “spinning,” meaning flighty, impulsive, and inspired by the world around her. For children who live with a parent who has bipolar disorder, life can be unpredictable, particularly if the parent isn’t getting the necessary treatment (or is avoiding treatment because of the side effects). The child’s life may be filled with both good and unwelcome surprises, and it can be difficult to predict what’s coming next. Like Jack, many children who have a parent with bipolar or any severe mental illness might feel a sense of shame or embarrassment and refrain from discussing it with others, isolating them further and compounding their struggles.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text
blurred text