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51 pages 1 hour read

William Faulkner

Sanctuary

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1931

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Chapters 18-23Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 18 Summary

Popeye is driving with Temple in the passenger seat. She has a vacant look on her face, one that doesn’t change when they pass by Ruby on the road away from the Old Frenchman place. Temple stares at the landscape as it passes, and feels blood begin to pool beneath her. She is still bleeding after having been raped. The beautiful spring day is a sharp contrast to Temple’s recent experiences, and she begins to scream. Popeye pulls the car over and forces Temple to look at herself and see her tattered appearance to make her feel ashamed and stop screaming.

They arrive in the town of Dumfries, and Temple panics about the possibility of someone she knows seeing her. Popeye goes into a shop to buy some food for them, and when he gets back, Temple has fled the car. He finds her, and she says she had to hide from some boys from school who were passing, noting that the blood has reached her ankle now. Popeye threatens her, and she quietly gets back into the car.

Arriving in Memphis, Popeye takes her to Reba Rivers, a madame who runs a popular brothel. Reba is happy to see that Popeye has finally gotten himself a girl and leads Temple into the house. She takes Temple to a bedroom and says that the bleeding is nothing to worry over and that she’ll clean Temple’s clothes and get a doctor to come see to her. Reba tells Temple how lucky she is to have landed Popeye, because all the girls wanted to catch him.

Reba convinces Temple to drink some gin and convinces the doctor to make a house call. Temple is left alone to listen to the sounds of the house. Reba returns with the doctor, and Temple begins to cry. She asks them to leave, but the doctor and Reba don’t listen. Reba has her drink some more gin. After the doctor and Reba leave, Temple bolts the door behind them. She thinks about how, at university, she would be getting ready for a dance at this time and begins to disassociate, believing herself to be back at university. Minnie, the maid, brings Temple dinner. Reba’s dogs hide under Temple’s bed because Reba abuses them when she’s drunk, and Temple lets them stay. Temple eats dinner and listens to the sounds of the house again until Reba enters her room drunk and crying about her dead beau. A little while later, Popeye returns. He tries to touch Temple, and Temple says no, but he doesn’t listen. He starts to cry while holding Temple, and Temple screams before he covers her mouth.

Chapter 19 Summary

Benbow discusses Temple with Ruby, insisting that she was alright. Ruby tells him she told Temple to get away and blames the whole thing on Gowan. Ruby tells Benbow more about that night and about hiding Temple in the barn. Benbow continues to insist that Ruby saw her the next morning and that she was alright then.

The next day, Benbow goes to Narcissa’s and complains about Gowan to Miss Jenny, who reveals that Gowan took Temple out because he was upset that Narcissa had turned down his marriage proposal. Benbow once again complains about Gowan and about the evils of whiskey. He returns home and looks at a picture of his stepdaughter, Little Belle, and thinks about how she too is attending parties and dances.

He suddenly rushes over to the train station, getting onto the next train. He observes the other passengers, including the college boys and girls, and watches as some of the girls manage to ride without buying a ticket. He gets off at Oxford, walking with the students to the university. Benbow goes to the registrar’s office and asks for Temple Drake, but they inform him that she left school two weeks before. He asks if Benbow is another detective. Benbow leaves and goes to the bathroom, where he sees Temple’s name written on the wall.

He gets on a return train and enters a passenger coach. There is one other person inside, a well-dressed man whom Benbow watches. The man introduces himself as Senator Clarence Snopes, mistakenly calling Benbow a judge. They begin a conversation about politics, revealing that neither is particularly interested in or knowledgeable about the subject. Benbow mentions Temple in the hopes of getting information, and Snopes says that she ran away. He says that the papers have reported that she turned up back home and was sent north by her father to visit relatives.

Chapter 20 Summary

The cab driver at the train station in Jefferson offers Benbow a free ride. He asks to be dropped off at the hotel, but the driver tells him that Ruby has moved to stay at the prison. Benbow gets off at the hotel anyway and asks the owner what happened. The owner says that the Baptist church formed a committee that came and presented their case for turning Ruby out of the hotel, and that it isn’t his business what happens to her. Benbow goes to the jail, where he finds that the warden’s wife has taken Ruby and the baby in for the night. She says she could never turn a woman and a child away.

Benbow confronts Narcissa and says that she must let Ruby and the baby stay in the house in town. Narcissa is still against it, worried about how it will look to the rest of town. Benbow, though angry about how the town treats Ruby, concedes and says he’ll find another place for her. Narcissa tells him that it’s fine for him to support the Goodwins because he’s a man and can just leave town, but that she has to stay. She insists that anyone but Benbow could see that Goodwin is guilty and that Ruby is leading Benbow on to get a free defense for her husband. Narcissa says that she’ll pay for a better defense lawyer for Goodwin if Benbow will drop the case.

Benbow realizes that the district attorney had a hand in getting Ruby evicted to affect public opinion. He meets Snopes in town, and Snopes references the rumors that are spreading that Benbow didn’t let Goodwin make bail in order to have an affair with Ruby. He further implies that Benbow is going to take Ruby to Memphis and install her as a mistress, which Benbow denies angrily. Snopes says he’s on his way to Memphis.

Chapter 21 Summary

On the train to Memphis, two men, Virgil and Fonzo, are riding in the passenger car. When it arrives in Memphis, they get off, looking for a hotel, and end up at Miss Reba’s. Reba agrees to rent them a room, and they go inside. They don’t seem to realize that the house is a brothel, believing that Reba has a big family or throws a lot of parties. They come to various incorrect conclusions about Reba’s line of business. Fonzo finds another brothel, and they agree to keep quiet about it so that Reba doesn’t kick them out. Getting back to the house after going to the brothel, they see Senator Snopes, who recognizes Virgil and tells him that he’s a fool to pay so much for sex. He takes them to a brothel full of Black women, saying that it is cheaper.

Chapter 22 Summary

After three days of searching, Benbow finds a ramshackle house on the edge of town to rent for Ruby and her child. Ruby tells him he shouldn’t visit her there because of the gossip, but Benbow says he doesn’t care and doesn’t want to live his life dictated by gossip. He also knows that Ruby is right.

Senator Snopes calls Benbow and says that he has information for him, offering to drive up right away if Benbow is interested. After arriving, he implies that Benbow is using his childhood home to have an affair with Ruby without his wife knowing, which Benbow again denies. He offers Benbow the information he mentioned in exchange for money and says that it has to do with Temple Drake and her location. Benbow pays him, and the senator reveals that he saw Temple in a Memphis brothel.

Chapter 23 Summary

Benbow goes to Miss Reba’s to find Temple. Snopes is there and teases him about going to a brothel, which Benbow ignores. Benbow meets with Miss Reba, who complains about how Snopes hangs around bothering the girls but never paying for anything. Before now, he hasn’t been back since Popeye beat him up. Benbow asks to speak to Temple, but Reba says she doesn’t want lawyers bothering the girls for no good reason. Benbow says that Popeye is a murderer and that he is trying to save an innocent man, but Reba doesn’t care unless Popeye starts murdering people in her house. Benbow finally convinces her by appealing to her compassion for Ruby and her baby.

Reba leads Benbow to Temple’s room, which she insists on keeping dark. Reba and Benbow try to convince Temple to talk, but she remains silent. Reba says that the cops won’t catch Popeye and that she can testify and save Goodwin and nothing else will change. Temple finally speaks, demanding a drink. Reba says she’ll get her one while Temple tells Benbow her story. Temple relates the events of her night at the Old Frenchman place, speaking mainly about the time before Popeye raped her. Her focus is the fear she experienced, and she describes to Benbow how afraid she was of the men. She talks about the nightmares she had and of how she laid in the bed in the house wishing she would turn into a boy.

As Benbow is leaving, Reba asks if he’ll contact Temple’s family, as she doesn’t think Temple can handle this kind of life. Benbow’s conversation with Temple disturbs him greatly, and he thinks about the nature of evil in the world as he heads directly for the train station. At home, he sees a photo of his stepdaughter and becomes ill, unable to separate her image from the story he heard from Temple earlier that evening.

Chapters 18-23 Analysis

These chapters hone their focus thematically on the Loss of Innocence. Benbow’s investigation into Temple’s disappearance and his eventual discovery of what happened to her is the first exposure the story has to someone besides Temple. As Temple recounts the events that led her to Miss Reba’s, she appears to struggle with the tone in which to tell the story. The narrator describes her as telling the story “in one of those bright, chatty monologues which women can carry on when they realize that they have the center of the stage […] she was recounting the experience with actual pride, a sort of naive and impersonal vanity” (208-09). On the one hand, this reflects how few tools Temple has available to come to terms with her experiences. The new world she finds herself in is the only one she knows how to be in with these experiences, and others at the brothel reinforce that what she went through should be considered normal, and even an accomplishment, suggesting that Popeye is a “catch.” On the other hand, the novel is a product of its time: The implication that Temple would feel “pride” in her assault and abduction reflects outdated notions of how women, and their sexual and moral purity can be “corrupted.” The narrative suggests that her treatment does more than traumatize her, but in fact causes her to embrace her perpetrator and the violent, criminal world that she inhabits. In this way, Temple—and Southern women in general—are depicted not as agents of control in their own lives, but corruptible vessels of purity and innocence.

The implied corruption of Temple is connected thematically to the corruption and Decline of the South Through Vice. Temple was the picture of a Southern belle, and the ease with which she was torn from that life is representative of the fragile state of the Southern aristocracy. No matter how much Ruby warned Temple that she didn’t belong there, nor how much Temple tried to escape, her background and privilege weren’t enough to protect her. Benbow, whose stepdaughter is similar to Temple, becomes ill, hallucinating scenes from Temple’s rape mixed with memories of his stepdaughter:

[A] car shot bodily from the tunnel in a long upward slant, the darkness overhead now shredded with parallel attenuations of living fire, toward a crescendo like a held breath, an interval in which she would swing faintly and lazily in nothingness filled with pale, myriad points of light. Far beneath her she could hear the faint, furious uproar of the shucks (215).

This vision expresses a deeper fear than simply Benbow’s sympathy for Temple: a fear of the corruption of innocence in conjunction with Southern decline.

The Impact of Social Pressures is also a powerful actor in these chapters. Temple, having been assaulted and kidnapped, so fears the judgement of society for what has happened to her that when she sees a boy she recognizes from Popeye’s car, she hides instead of running to him for help. Her horror at her appearance and the possibility of being seen in her state competes with her fear of Popeye. Her immediate instinct is to be afraid of having her experiences exposed to society, looking about the minute they stop “with dazed, glassy eyes. ‘There might be people here...’” (135). The trauma of the situation is compounded by the ostracization she would face if she sought help. Temple’s deterioration at Miss Reba’s is also identified as a symptom of her upbringing, not of her treatment. Reba says to Benbow as he’s leaving that, “She’ll be dead, or in the asylum in a year, way him and her go on up there in that room. There’s something funny about it […] Maybe it’s her. She wasn’t born for this kind of life” (213). The implication here is that some women are born for the “kind of life” Temple is currently living, subjugated to the desires of men.

The hypocrisy of the town of Jefferson’s social dictates is also explored in these chapters. Senator Snopes is perceived as a respectable figure due to his status, but he acts as a dissolute, frequenting brothels and charging Benbow for information. Because he keeps his activities quiet, however, and presents the appearance of being an upstanding and moral citizen, he is accepted. Benbow, on the other hand, must deal with gossip about him having an affair with because he tries to help her. Because their relationship, professional though it may be, is visible to the townspeople and goes against their moral mandates, Benbow and Ruby are judged far more than Snopes ever is, even though they have done nothing wrong.

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