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48 pages 1 hour read

Jane Smiley

Perestroika In Paris

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2020

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Part 1, Chapters 7-11Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1, Chapter 7 Summary

Heavy snow surprises everyone, including Raoul who has never seen snow like this in Paris. It does not stop Madame de Mornay and Etienne from walking to attend mass for the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. Etienne carries a shovel and widens the path for Madame. Once she settles into her pew, he sneaks out, runs home to get a bag of stored goodies, and then runs to the pond where he looks for Paras.

Paras sees the boy and stands up to investigate when she smells the treats he brings in his bag: a variety of food including carrots, apples, and lettuce. He feeds her the food as he guides her through Paris to Madame de Mornay’s house. Frida speaks against trusting him, but Raoul supports it because Etienne also has mealworms for him.

Once they reach the house, Etienne opens the gate and opens a door to the house for Paras. She hesitates but is tempted by the warmth within. Frida barks sadly but wanders away to their pond. On the way, she doubles back to mislead a gendarme (police officer) who is searching for Paras.

Part 1, Chapter 8 Summary

After mass, Madame walks home with Etienne, whom she believes was with her the whole time. She reflects on the service she could not see or hear, filling in the details with services from years past. Raoul has been trying to find a window to fly escape from and flies out the door as soon as Etienne opens it for Madame. Paras falls asleep on the carpet in a sunny patch next to a window.

Frida roams the streets unsure of what to do with her friends trapped behind a door. She runs in circles until she makes herself hungry, then heads to an unfamiliar street. She lies down outside a meat market and takes a short nap. When she wakes, a woman reaches out a hand gently. Frida sniffs it and the woman pets her, Frida’s first petting since Jacques died. The woman then gives her a sausage, which she only eats after the woman leaves.

Meanwhile, Etienne settles his great-grandmother in for her lunch and nap. He wants to see Paras, who is now awake and working to get up, but he must listen to Madame’s stories and let her fall asleep before he can do so. After she falls asleep, he finds Paras awake and standing, having left a pile of manure in the corner. She ventures to the kitchen for water and food, trying various foods to find out what she likes and does not like. She then goes outside to lick snow, creating an understanding between her and Etienne about what she does inside and outside. Etienne scoops the manure, tosses it out a window, and mops the floor.

The manure does not go unnoticed. Two rats live inside the walls, Kurt and Conrad. They notice both Paras inside and Frida outside and plan how to bring the dog in as their protector so they can venture out and find rat partners.

Madame is in bed after Etienne brings her a quick drink and a snack. He must find somewhere for Paras to stay since Madame normally spends a lot of time in the kitchen and the grand salon where Paras has been spending time. While Etienne takes Paras outside, Kurt cleans up the scraps from Etienne and Paras’s meal.

Part 1, Chapter 9 Summary

Frida spends her days walking outside the de Mornay residence or otherwise aimlessly roaming the Paris streets. One of her favorite places is the cemetery where she and Jacques spent much of their resting time. While she roams, she finds Raoul, who observes that Frida frequently mumbles to herself without communicating effectively. They debate the merits of overcommunication versus undercommunication. A bakery owner invites Frida in after seeing her sitting outside. She performs tricks she learned and gets food from the owners but being inside makes her nervous because it is harder to be on guard. At her next opportunity, she slips out through the open door. She finds a spot to fall asleep out of the wind. Raoul assures her that warmer weather is coming.

Meanwhile, Paras talks to Kurt about how they choose to live. Before the conversation can continue for long, Etienne leaves his room to let Paras into the backyard. She walks around and considers the life she left behind. She misses gallops and the stability of her old life but her curiosity encourages her not to return to the racetrack.

Part 1, Chapter 10 Summary

Pierre, the gardener who had previously noticed Paras in the pond enclosure, wonders where she is and considers calling Animal Control. Unknown to him, he walks past Paras as she tries to push through a closed gate. When she fails this, she returns to the house and sleeps in her corner. Elsewhere, Raoul claims his territory above Benjamin Franklin’s head and settles into his nest to groom himself.

Madame wakes up and settles herself in the grand salon close to Paras. She does not see or hear the horse, but Paras investigates her. The older woman calls for Etienne, who lets Paras outside before caring for his great-grandmother. Paras explores the courtyard, avoiding the decision of whether to leave or not. She finds an outside place to sleep that would be more suitable for her and may encourage Frida to stay with her.

Frida returns to the pond to recover the purse and enters town. Paras smells and hears Frida and lets out a powerful whinny. Everyone with whom Paras has interacted hears the whinny and feels different emotions. Frida goes to Paras and feels annoyance when Paras claims ownership of the purse. The disagreement is soon forgiven when Paras shows Frida the safe place she has found for her to stay. Frida digs under the fence and agrees it will serve for now.

Sleeping in her room, Madame remembers the house as it was in years past and smiles.

Part 1, Chapter 11 Summary

Christmastime approaches. Frida wants to find Etienne a gift to make him happier, as she recognizes the holidays do not make him happy. She takes money to Jerome, the grocer, and buys some items she calls “offerings” to give Etienne. Along the way home, she stops at a second shop and purchases a ball after playing with the owner for a few minutes to ease her fear of dogs. With her purchases in her bag, she carries the now heavy bag back to the de Mornay residence and falls asleep.

As Madame crawls into bed on Christmas Eve night, she celebrates what she feels may be her last Christmas by reminiscing on her previous 96 Christmases. Paras does not understand that Frida has brought gifts, but she approaches the door for food when it gets light. Etienne trips over Frida’s bag of offerings and exclaims to Madame that Father Christmas has come. He takes Paras into the kitchen and wishes her a Merry Christmas.

Part 1, Chapters 7-11 Analysis

The second half of Part 1 further develops the novel’s three primary themes. To build on the theme of The Bond Between Humans and Animals, Smiley shows how these rely on acts of kindness but can also be transactional or misunderstood. Etienne encourages Paras to approach him by offering her food. When he extends an apple to her, she observes, "[the] apple looked and smelled delicious. She could have bitten it in half right away, but since she was a curious filly, [...] she stuck her nostrils against the boy’s head and sniffed. He stood very still, but she didn’t sense that he was afraid” (85). According to Paras's observation, part of what creates a strong bond between humans and animals is the lack of fear. Not only does Etienne show Paras an act of kindness by offering the foods she enjoys, but he does so with good intentions in his heart. He does not try to deceive her; he wants to earn her affection. According to Smiley, the lack of deception makes a difference, though Frida does not understand the difference and only sees Paras getting trapped behind bars and gates.

When Paras offers Frida the means to come and go from the de Mornay house, she demonstrates a balance in The Universal Longing for Freedom and Belonging. Frida begins digging; as her hole gets deeper, she acknowledges, “there would be maintenance—there always was with a hole—but the freedom to escape was worth preserving” (138). Since Frida only knows the freedom to explore Paris as she chooses, she does not willingly want to give up that freedom. By including this moment in the narrative, Smiley crafts a statement that freedom is worth preserving; it is not something that will be easy for everyone, and it is something that will require occasional fixes and changes, but those wanting to live the free lives their hearts desire should find ways to live them, the same way Frida finds a way to negotiate between her longing for freedom and her longing to be in a place where she belongs, with Paras who has become her closet friend. 

These chapters introduce two new characters, Kurt and Conrad who help to develop the novel’s theme and complexify its community. The primary conversation Paras has with Kurt emphasizes that the rats represent the theme of The Universal Longing for Freedom and Belonging and the different ways that this can manifest. Kurt is a dreamer who wants to explore and be free to find his perfect mate. However, he only knows his territory: “Our castle is in the walls, but, as you can see, we have several courtyards, of which this is the largest” (119). Though Kurt refers to their physical location in the grand salon, he metaphorically refers to the places and reasons people hold themselves back from venturing forward. He knows no other rats or anyone with whom he can connect and grow as a ‘person,’ so he must rely on the only person in his life: his father. Paras’s arrival and the developing bond between the two animals allow Kurt to leave the house and explore the world, thus acquiring his freedom without losing his sense of belonging by losing his only bond before meeting Paras and Frida.

The novel expands on Animals as a Vehicle for Commentary on Human Life through the experiences of Raoul in Chapter 7. Raoul states:

In my view [...] there is nothing quite as amusing as observing humans in their own habitats. They sleep on their backs with their mouths wide open, you know, and there is not much of this walking about that you see out of doors, looking lordly and in charge. It’s all lolling and lazing and stoking themselves with food and drink. Gatherings are different. Quite often they flock together in large, and then they plume themselves and establish rankings [...] But, by themselves, they are something of a mess (88-89).

Raoul examines humans in their homes and explores how they reflect animal (and non-animal) qualities. When humans are alone, Smiley portrays them as lazy and idle; if they are not at work and not out of their houses, then they sit around, do nothing, and sleep in positions animals find unusual. However, this dynamic changes when other people gather in a human’s home. Then, it becomes a social gathering, and Raoul exposes the human need for authority and power in various spaces. When humans gather, Smiley claims we focus too much on ourselves, our appearances relative to others, and how we “rank” relative to those we surround ourselves with. Raoul’s tone indicates that he finds this ridiculous, and it becomes a criticism of humanity from the author: It questions whether ranking, material belongings, and idleness are genuinely the best parts of being human.

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