57 pages • 1 hour read
Abdulrazak GurnahA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Hamid sometimes goes to the storeroom during the day. When Yusuf sees him there, Hamid asks himself many questions in a rather depressive tone. He makes a mock argument with an imaginary Hussein about doing right for oneself. He ties his self-defense into the concept of Ramadhan and how in the month of fasting they distinguish themselves from “savages” through their denial of food, water, and other pleasures. In his moment of piousness, he points out that he hasn’t seen Yusuf read the Koran and decides they should read together. When Hamid comes to read with him, Yusuf admits that he cannot read. He recalls that his mother taught him the alphabet and the first three suras, but his school didn’t really teach him anything, even though he was a good student. Khalil taught him numbers, but not to actually read, and, at the mosque, he just mumbled along. Hamid and Maimuna interrogate Yusuf about this admission, and their show of horror annoys him.
Hamid and Maimuna send Yusuf to the Koran school with their children, where he is the oldest student. However, the imam who teaches takes kindly to Yusuf and shows him favor by sending him on errands and having him assist him. Hamid is initially pleased and proud, but then he starts to think Yusuf is doing too much for the imam, as he has neglected some of his duties for Hamid. Kalasinga thinks that Yusuf thinking beyond the daily tasks of the trade business is a good thing, but he wishes his focus were on something other than religion. To that end, he offers to teach Yusuf English or mechanics. Yusuf spends more and more time with Kalasinga. In the evenings, he sits on the terrace with Hamid and any visitors they may have. A man from Mombasa visits one night and tells tales of his uncle going to the land of “Rusi,” where he found the people uncivilized but then he learned many were Muslims, too. His uncle had proclaimed that Paradise was in a place called Herat, but it was troubled by war. Then the man explains that he visited an even more beautiful place called Kaskas, though the visitor seems reluctant to say more about it.
Hamid and Maimuna’s children like to visit Yusuf in his room to hear stories. The young boys play around, which Yusuf appreciates, as he realizes he’s been lonely without Khalil. Asha, the girl, however, just watches Yusuf. When the two are alone one day, she goes into his arms and kisses his hands. Though aroused, Yusuf is somewhat disturbed by this unexpected intimacy. He worries that someone will discover them, but he doesn’t know how to end her visits. Maimuna becomes suspicious, though, and shoos Asha away from Yusuf. Her attitude cools toward him, and Hamid calls him for assistance more often than usual. Yusuf suspects that Hamid is thinking about marriage for their young daughter.
Uncle Aziz arrives with a larger expedition crew than previously, for which he had to mortgage a share of the profits and borrow money from creditors. This makes Hamid anxious. Uncle Aziz takes Yusuf on this trade journey at Hamid’s request. The night before the caravan’s departure, a storm blows in, causing much damage. Mohammed Abdalla rants at the porters who are fearful and superstitious. As the caravan gets underway, Yusuf initially hides himself among the porters to distance himself from the merchant, though he is not sure why he feels the need to do this. However, Abdalla finds him and brings him to Aziz’s side, which Yusuf understands to be his place. While traveling, Simba Mwene, the new fierce overseer of the crew, tells the porters about the Germans and their ferocity, how they enjoy punishing people. Yusuf is afraid of the animals he hears at night.
The caravan enters dry country, and the going is rough with thorns and insects. Uncle Aziz orders that every settlement they pass be given a small gift, a token of goodwill and a way to get information. Mohammed Abdalla takes Yusuf under his wing, explaining the land around them and various parts of the job. The porters joke that he will try bedding Yusuf soon, and Simba Mwene jeers that Yusuf should try Simba as a lover first. Abdalla informs Yusuf that Mwene is on the crew to pay back relatives of someone he murdered, but if he acts up, Abdalla will hand him over to the Germans who would gladly kill him. He goes on to say that trading brings places to life. They mostly trade in iron and cloth, but they also have “powder and shot” for the difficult sultans. Abdalla rants about the special powers Europeans seem to have, but Uncle Aziz responds that the Europeans are here for the same reason they are.
On the eighth day of the journey, the caravan camps at a place where Uncle Aziz tells the porters to put up a stockade against the animals at night. He sends some men with gifts to a nearby village that was rumored to have attacked another caravan. The sultan of Mkata is not satisfied with the gifts, so Aziz doubles the amount twice before the gifts are accepted. A village woman is attacked and killed by a crocodile, which alarms everyone. The sultan invites the caravan to a feast that night where he explains that the woman who died had protection against water and crocodiles, so the caravan had brought evil upon them, and the village would need to be compensated. Mohammed Abdalla warns that the sultan may want their genitalia thrown into the river. That night, Yusuf dreams of a huge dog straddling him, looking for his secrets. At dawn, a hyena attacks one of the porters, tearing his face off. The sultan claims it’s recompense for the woman, and the hyenas took the evil away, though he thought that Yusuf would be given to them instead. He does not allow the caravan to pass through the village, so they must cross the river. The sultan orders that the wounded man must stay with the villagers and him, though he dies that afternoon. Both Uncle Aziz and Mohammed Abdalla ask Yusuf about his troubled sleep, and Yusuf is surprised to learn that they were aware of his nightmares and had been more than once. Uncle Aziz states that God has given Yusuf a gift with his dreams. The going is harder as the caravan continues because the various sultans ask for more and more. A village they come to was attacked by warriors from the other side of the mountain two days earlier. Roofs are burnt and bodies are all around. Abdalla wants to leave quickly, fearing raiders or disease, but Simba Mwene thinks they should bury the dead. Uncle Aziz agrees to the burial, but the villagers do not assist, and they wail when it is done. Yusuf sees that Mwene glares at them with loathing.
The journey of the title to this part of the novel refers to the literal journey taken to the interior of the country, but it also refers to Yusuf’s journey to the interior of his own thoughts and yearnings. In confronting his own illiteracy, Yusuf must reflect on his education, all of which have been informal. His mother taught him the alphabet and some suras, and Khalil taught him to work with numbers. Because Yusuf’s inability to read has not been much of an issue so far in his life, and because Yusuf suspects that Khalil is also unable to read, the novel creates a clear distinction between literacy and intelligence. Afterall, Yusuf was a good student, even at a school that strove to stunt his learning, and Khalil can read.
Hamid’s children provide other new experiences for Yusuf. He was an only child at his home, and Khalil became like an older brother to him, but Hamid and Maimuna’s three children, all younger than Yusuf and to whom he must tend, give him an opportunity to be the older brother. However, Asha, the 12-year-old daughter, reminds him that he is not part of their family by cuddling up to him in a more romantic way. It is his first quasi-sexual encounter, and he hates himself for enjoying it but also for not stopping it. This first-time-sexual-romantic-experience is common within coming-of-age stories and highlights the strangeness of navigating bodily and emotional desires, especially within the context of a power differential. The discovery of their intimacy essentially banishes him from the family and the relatively safe space of the shop. Once Yusuf rejoins the caravan, he loses the agency he had had as something of an older brother and must also manage his new place in the potential sexual economy of the crew.
The theme of Relationships to Religious Beliefs is explored more fully in this section. When Yusuf learns to read at Koran school, he becomes more pious. At first, Hamid is proud, but then when Yusuf neglects some of his household duties, Hamid says his religious focus is too much, showing that he has a practical relationship to religious devotion, at least in terms of his charge. Kalasinga is also disturbed by Yusuf’s religiosity, as he is critical of Islam or any religious devotion, but he sees that the young man craves purpose and learning, which ultimately Kalasinga believes is “good that he thinks there’s more worth troubling for in his life than bags of rice and baskets of fruit, but a pity that he can only turn to the teachings of Allah” (102). Kalasinga offers him what he can—mechanics and some English—and again Yusuf flourishes.
But religion and faith are shown to inspire even more derision. When Uncle Aziz and his retinue arrive on their next trade journey, a severe storm on the eve of departure causes some porters to quail with fear and call out for God’s mercy. Mohammed Abdalla mocks them, saying, “An omen of disaster! Oh our road will be dogged with fiends! Why don’t you chant a song to chase away the bad magic? Or eat a disgusting powder some magician has prepared for you?” (111-12). Abdalla’s disparagement of religion and other supernatural beliefs deepens, but Yusuf does not comment on the beliefs, or even give much thought to the seemingly prophetic dreams he has, though others start to notice. While Abdalla mocks him for having bad dreams, Uncle Aziz states that God gave Yusuf a gift.