42 pages • 1 hour read
José RizalA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Ibarra boards Elías’s boat and as they travel, their discussion veers toward the philosophical. Elías wants Ibarra to lead the way toward reforms for the people. Specifically, he wants Ibarra to assert the rights of the people to the government and church leaders. Ibarra is reluctant, as he feels that reform must happen gradually and slowly—otherwise, the country’s economics would be upended and more people would be harmed than helped in the long run. The men remain at an impasse, despite Elías’s attempts at persuasion.
Elías and Ibarra’s conversation shifts to the former’s family, a story that contains much suffering. While Elías himself is educated, he comes from a line of people who have been severely oppressed by the government; Elías’s sister was killed and dumped into the lake. Elías has been a man on the move for much of his adult life, primarily to escape his family’s reputation. The details of Elías’s life do not change Ibarra’s mind, and when Elías returns to Captain Pablo, he tells him that Ibarra will not support political reform and that he will join the subversive group’s plan to attack the barracks.
Back at Tiago’s house, Linares reads a letter from Doña Victorina in which she pushes him to duel with the ensign. Ibarra arrives and is met with varied reactions; Father Salví reacts with subtle contempt. Ibarra has a conversation with María-Clara’s friend Sinang, in which he learns that María-Clara has not yet made up her mind to marry Linares—as she still wants to marry Ibarra.
At night, with a hint of rain in the air, a conversation takes place between three strangers—two of whom are later revealed to be Bruno and Társilo. The brothers are primed for the attack on the barracks and are once again told that Ibarra is behind the plan. The signal for the attack is “Long live Don Crisóstomo” (339). The men depart as Elías enters. He has been followed and discovers his pursuer is Lucas. The men hold a card game to determine who gets to stay at the cemetery. Lucas wins, and Elías leaves. He is spotted by the civil guard patrol, but when he is asked to identify himself, he tricks the guards into believing he is Lucas.
An ill Tasio speaks with Don Filipo. He is upset at Filipo for resigning from his position as deputy mayor, feeling that he has lost footing for enacting reform. Filipo stands by his decision as he believes the mayor is corrupt and that his resignation is an honorable act of protest. Tasio discusses his views on progress and the struggle for human rights. He then asks Filipo to send for Ibarra, sensing that his life is coming to an end.
Father Salví runs to the ensign’s house and warns him of the impending plot to attack the barracks. He insists that he be credited for stopping the uprising. Meanwhile, Elías runs to Ibarra’s house to inform him that his name has been attached to the ambush plot. As the chapter ends, Elías learns that Ibarra’s grandfather was responsible for his own grandfather’s disgrace—which was the original source of his family’s downfall.
Elías and Ibarra’s conversation regarding the latter’s support of reforms does not go as the former had hoped. When Elías first brings up the subject of revolt, Ibarra is decidedly against it. Ibarra’s belief is that change, while desperately needed, should come gradually and with a careful strategy. He tells Elías, “You’ll understand me when I tell you that if the current state of things has its faults, it will be even worse if it is changed” (320). Elías recognizes the delicate balancing act of implementing change without bringing undue suffering—but still disagrees with Ibarra. He believes the lower class’s oppression is no longer tolerable, listing the ways in which the civil guard abuses the population. He also criticizes the religious order of the town, which makes Ibarra defensive. Ibarra appreciates the early missionaries who helped spread Christianity to the Philippines. However, Elías and those he represents do not condemn Christianity, but rather those who use it to oppress others. He makes a distinction between religion and the politics of the religious order—a point which Ibarra accepts.
The men’s conversation spans over two chapters. It is a significant turning point as it shows how one’s life experience can affect their political outlook. For Elías, a man who suffered a great deal, his political outlook tends toward the radical. As an educated man, he cannot continue to stand by as his fellow citizens are oppressed. By contrast, Ibarra has lived something of a sheltered life. He does not feel the same degree of urgency as Elías because he has never been oppressed. He is an idealist who believes people are inherently good and will behave in accordance with this nature more than not. As was also the case between Ibarra and Tasio, the contrast between idealism and realism is stark. When one is not at the mercy of suffering, one has the luxury of being idealistic.