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42 pages 1 hour read

José Rizal

Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not)

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1887

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Chapters 19-24Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 19 Summary

Ibarra has a conversation with San Diego’s school teacher. The teacher explains how his teaching evolved from a punitive style to one which offers encouragement rather than threats. The church and conservative members of town believed this teaching style created weak-willed students—and thus, the teacher was ordered to revert to the punitive style.

Chapter 20 Summary

The town leaders hold a conference to discuss the upcoming festival in honor of the patron saint, San Diego. Deputy mayor Don Filipo, the leader of the liberal party in San Diego, proposes a political trick suggested by Tasio. Filipo proposes an agreeable idea to the conservative party, but they disagree with it because they dislike Filipo. When another liberal member meekly proposes an idea more in line with the liberal party, the conservative party goes along with the plan, except one. The mayor adheres to what the priests want, making the meeting pointless.

Chapter 21 Summary

An anxious Sisa is visited by military police, and they escort her to the village. When she arrives in town, she is identified by a woman exiting church as the mother of “two thieves”—Basilio (who is missing as well) and Crispin. She feels embarrassed. She is taken to the prison where she is eventually released by the ensign, who feels the theft doesn’t matter. Sisa makes the trek back home, feeling an increasing sense of dread that something bad has happened to her sons.

Chapter 22 Summary

Ibarra and María-Clara discuss their impending engagement. María-Clara asks Ibarra not to invite Father Salví because he acts strange around her. Ibarra says that it is the custom to invite a priest, so he has to. Father Salví has grown despondent and lost weight. As the chapter ends, Ibarra is confronted by a man who pleads for mercy. The man is not explicitly identified by the narrator, but he is Sisa’s husband and the father of Basilio and Crispin.

Chapter 23 Summary

Ibarra and some of his friends join María-Clara and her friends on a boat ride (navigated by two boatmen) to a secluded fishing spot. The fishing spot is a pen where the fish are locked in upon entering; however, the group realizes that nothing is biting and they catch nothing. They sense that something is off and spot a crocodile caught in the pen. The younger of the two boatmen, who is later revealed to be a man named Elías, jumps into the water and lassoes the crocodile. As he returns to the boat, the crocodile drags him back into the water. Ibarra dives in to help Elías and eventually stabs the crocodile. At first, the blood that rises to the surface misleads the group into thinking one of the men was killed—but they both surface. Elías is thankful to Ibarra but remains solemn and somewhat mysterious, disappearing without a word.

Chapter 24 Summary

The celebration of Ibarra and María-Clara’s engagement continues. Father Salví heads to the celebration and while in the woods, overhears María-Clara and her friends insulting him. When he finally arrives at the ceremony, he asks the ensign for any news on the man who attacked Father Dámaso. Sisa wanders into the ceremony, and this instigates an argument between Salví and the ensign about Basilio and Crispin’s unresolved situation. Ibarra receives a telegram which states that his proposal to build a school has been approved.

Chapters 19-24 Analysis

Ibarra’s meeting with the school teacher highlights his tendency to think progressively. When the teacher relays his willingness to try methods that are less punitive to students, Ibarra is impressed. As an educated man himself, Ibarra recognizes both the teacher’s frustration with traditional pedagogical methods and the need for change in education. The teacher’s comments imply that the church fully understands the power of education to lift people up and thus, views a liberal education as a threat to its influence. When the teacher isn’t being admonished by the church, he finds resistance in traditional families who cling to old ways of instruction. The narrator uses this character to critique the conservative mindset of being fearful and reluctant to change—even when change can yield benefits. The teacher sees this holding onto the past as counterproductive, saying that “when one keeps the switch or the rod in view reasoning is impossible” (111). Ibarra uses his meeting with the teacher as motivation to sponsor change in the form of the construction of a new school.

In this section, the mysterious Elías is introduced. He will play an increasingly important role as the novel progresses. He is a man of few words, with only María-Clara sensing that there is more to his story. When Elías attempts to kill a crocodile, he demonstrates courage—albeit a foolish kind of courage. However, when he is pulled back in the water and rescued by Ibarra, his reaction is revealing. He says to Ibarra, “I owe you my life,” and his voice is “tinged with spite” (148). This spite could illustrate Elías’s fierce individualism, as he does not want to be indebted to someone. In addition, like most residents of the town, Elías picks up on who Ibarra is. While Elías does not know what kind of man Ibarra is, he does recognize that the latter is privileged. Therefore, his spite reveals his ambivalence toward the upper class.

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By José Rizal