49 pages • 1 hour read
Linda HoganA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The novel begins in Oklahoma in the summer of 1922. Many people have moved their beds outside to escape the stifling heat of their houses. Belle Graycloud, the matriarch of her family, rises early in the morning and scares a chicken away from her bed. Nearby, Grace and Nola Blanket are also waking up. Grace used to be part of a community that calls itself the “Hill Indians.” The “Hill Indians” moved away from the rapidly modernizing world some 60 years ago, although Grace’s mother, Lila, sent Grace to live in Watona after receiving a prediction that a white woman would upend the community’s sense of peace and prosperity. She wanted a pair of eyes and ears in town, particularly to keep an eye on a proposed dam that would impact the local (and beloved) Blue River, so she sent Grace away. Never having been particularly interested in her culture or history, Grace took to life in Watona. She grew up, got a job, bought land, and rented her pastures to cattlemen.
The rest of the community has remained in the hills. Each Indigenous person in the area was able to move onto a 160-acre allotment of land after the passage of the Dawes Act, and although this initially seemed like a boon for the tribe, people soon realized how worthless these parcels were. Grace did not seem to care that her parcel was poorly suited to farming, and lived there happily even after the birth of her child, Nola. Unlike her mother, Nola enjoys nature and often wanders into the surrounding area. She is connected to culture and tradition, and Lila hopes that Nola will return to the hill someday. When oil was discovered beneath many of these parcels, the economic situation changed both drastically and for the better, for many local members of the Osage tribe, Grace included.
On the hot morning when they all wake up outside, Grace and Nola greet Belle. Grace is in a hurry to collect willow branches for basket weaving because she wants to make a rare appearance in church, where she recently saw a handsome new man. Michael Horse, a local diviner and the first person to discover oil on Osage land, also heads to church, where he is moved by the sermon of Joe Billy, a local preacher and son of an acclaimed medicine man. Billy’s sermon is about the damage that white people in the area are doing to Indigenous communities and land. After the sermon, Belle and her family invite Michael over.
Back at their house, Belle confesses to Michael that she is worried: Her granddaughter Rena went to gather willows with Grace and Nola, and the three haven’t returned. Belle goes out to look for them but is unsuccessful. Family members try to assure her that nothing is wrong. They bring up Grace’s reputation for “catting around” and speculate that she has met some boyfriend and the girls are enjoying ice cream while they wait for Grace to finish with him. Still, Belle worries. Later that night, the girls show up wild-eyed and without Grace.
The three of them were on their way to cut willow branches when they saw John Hale, a white rancher-turned-oilman, out for a drive with another man. He stopped to stare at Grace. Later, the men returned, and Grace became fearful. She ran away to draw the men away from Rena and Nola, and they caught up with her and shot her. Rena and Nola hid from the men, who were still looking for them. Finally, unable to find the girls, the men poured whiskey on Grace’s body, placed a gun in her hand, and drove away.
Nola has been left without a mother, and the entire Graycloud family is in mourning. Moses suggests alerting the authorities, but Belle advises against it. Suspecting a conspiracy, she does not want the authorities to have confirmation that Rena and Nola witnessed the murder.
Michael Horse is one of the last members of the Osage to live in a teepee. He is a “firekeeper,” and keeps a sacred fire lit outside his doorway. The role of firekeeper had been passed down through his family since before the Osage purchased land in Oklahoma. Michael has premonitions, and he understands that Belle is about to approach his teepee. She does, and shares the news about Grace. She tells him that her family thinks that it was a “lover’s quarrel,” but she is not so sure. Michael agrees that the situation is dire and that it is possible that she was killed over her oil-rich land. Many white men covet the oil rights of the Osage, and it is not uncommon for them to marry Osage women in hopes of gaining access to their wealth.
A strange man appears outside the Graycloud house, and Belle’s other daughter, Louise, and her white husband, Floyd, realize the man is Nola’s relative, come to take her back to the hill. The Grayclouds do not want to let the girl go, knowing Grace’s death has made her wealthy and therefore vulnerable, and that there is a new law mandating boarding school for all children on the hill. Nola is so distraught that she barely moves or speaks; neither she nor Rena have been able to identify the men who killed Grace.
Benoit, a horse trader, arrives with his trailer. He is Lettie’s lover, but also the legal husband of Sara Blanket, Nola’s aunt. He learns about Grace’s murder, and wants to alert the sheriff. He is persuaded otherwise, but remains upset. There have been 17 murders within the small Osage community during the last six months, and people are afraid. Later that day, a white man finds Grace’s body, and reports that a “drunk” Osage woman died by suicide. Benoit is called in to identify the body, and when he suggests that there was foul play, he is told that Grace had just been cited for disturbing the peace, that she was a known troublemaker, and that her suicide, obviously the result of alcohol abuse, is not in question. Grace’s grave is later robbed, which is a common practice in the area, as local white people know that the Osage bury their dead with jewelry.
In Washington, DC, Stace Red Hawk, a Lakota law enforcement officer, offers tobacco to the four corners of the earth before he starts his day. Although he works in government, he misses his home of South Dakota. At work, his partner Levee informs him about Grace’s case, although it is not their jurisdiction. There has been a lot of mysterious crime in Osage country lately, and he does not think that Grace’s death was a suicide. The two are curious.
Fall has arrived and it is the day of the Osage tribe’s quarterly payments for land and oil-rights leases. John Hale presides over the process, and is ready with a quick offer of a cash payment to any individual who finds themselves already in debt and wanting to sell off a portion of their land. Hale has lived among the Osage all his life, and although some of his ranching innovations have been lucrative, opinions about him are mixed. His girlfriend, China, is reading the paper, and comments that she does not believe Grace killed herself. He questions her sharply, and she informs him that there is going to be an investigation into her death.
Although he prefers solitude, Michael Horse is on his way to Watona to buy some bear grease and talk with the people who have gathered there on payment day. He knows that white people resent having to pay Osage for the lease of their land, and there is much animosity between the two groups. White people also resent what they see as the flaunting of Osage wealth, and they criticize how the Osage spend their money. In the room where the funds are distributed, Michael observes the palpable tension between white people and members of the Osage tribe. He witnesses multiple acts of open disrespect, and knows that even if the white men gathered were aware of how intelligent and educated many of the Osage were, it wouldn’t matter to them. The government even withholds a portion of the money owed to many Osage, deeming them “incompetent” and in need of financial guardians. It is typically full-blooded Osage individuals who are deemed incompetent; those with white heritage are trusted, but receive less money because they are not fully Osage.
John Hale has been taking out life insurance policies on Osage men who owe him money, explaining to them that he is willing to wait until their death to collect the money unless they can pay it sooner. Although this seems like a good deal to many, the doctor who examines the men for the insurance companies to issue a policy has noticed that a few of these individuals have died suddenly. He is leery of the sheriff and doesn’t want to report his suspicions locally, but he did try to contact the authorities in Washington, DC, who told him that there was not enough evidence.
Lettie and Benoit attend the carnival in Watona. A fortune teller calls Lettie over and tells her that she is having a vision of things “flying apart” for Lettie. Stunned, Lettie pays her and they leave. Taking her hat off to kiss her, Benoit finds a hidden knife and asks her what she is doing with it. She responds that since Grace’s death, she has lived in constant fear, and although he tries to blame Grace for getting herself killed, Lettie admonishes him, telling him that he knows just as well as everyone else that Grace was murdered.
A few days later, Michael Horse holds a ceremony in his teepee. Moses, his sister Ruth, and others gather together. The prevailing mood is one of frustration and fear: The Osage are tired of mistreatment at the hands of white oilmen and government officials, and the string of suspicious deaths and unsolved murders has everyone on edge. They hear a loud explosion nearby. Benoit, hearing it too, hurries home. He finds his house engulfed in flames. Sara was inside, and although Benoit spent the entire evening with Lettie, he is arrested for arson. Belle and Lettie go to visit him in jail, dressed in traditional clothing that amuses the white people they pass along the way. Belle knows that they prefer to see traditional dress because it is less confusing to them than wealthy Osage men and women dressed like their white neighbors. Belle and Lettie tell Benoit that someone has filed a claim for Sara’s money, but that they were unable to find out who. Everyone knows that Benoit did not burn his own house down or kill his wife, but the white sheriff claims that he has witnesses who will testify otherwise.
Michael Horse is on his way to Watona. He had a dream that an Osage man named John Thomas was killed near the auction tree, and he wants to see if that man is okay. He also plans to join a local poker game. In town, an elderly Osage man named John Stink collapses suddenly and is pronounced dead. Shocked, Michael searches for John Thomas. Nearby, John Hale worries about Walker, one of his life-insurance-scam men, who plans to die by suicide. This would mean that his policy wouldn’t pay, and Hale tries to convince his friend Mardy to kill the man, arguing that it wouldn’t be murder really because Walker is already planning his own death. Rumors swirl around the death of John Stink, and most of the Osage believe he was poisoned. Although not a young man, he had not been unhealthy, and his death doesn’t make sense. There was truth in Michael Horse’s dream, for John Thomas is found dead from a gunshot wound through his neck. Fear and worry increase in the Osage community.
Michael Horse is arrested for the murder of John Thomas, and Belle is detained by the sheriff for attacking a group of hunters who were killing eagles. Moses, sent to pick up Belle from the jail, explains to the sheriff that Michael was playing poker with him and could not have killed John Thomas. Because Michael has signed IOUs from the poker game, the sheriff lets him go. He also lets Belle go without charges. Belle, returning to the house, sees the watchers, four men from the Hill Community sent to guard Nola, standing outside, and feels reassured by their presence.
Part 1 establishes the importance of Modernity and White Culture Versus Traditional Indigenous Practices as a theme. The very first paragraphs in the narrative depict Osage communities both in the town of Watona and further into the rural portion of Osage country, on the Hill. The Hill Community formed about 60 years before the events narrated in Mean Spirit when a group of Osage chose to reject the advance of white culture, leave town, and dedicate themselves to a more traditional way of life. Grace Blanket was sent by her mother to live in Watona to be the eyes and ears of the Hill Community, but Grace immediately embraced white culture and the changes brought to Watona by modernization. Grace’s characterization contrasts with that of Belle Graycloud and Michael Horse, who are shown to be traditionalists in their cultural orientation and deeply devoted to their Osage roots. Michael Horse lives in a teepee, and keeps a sacred fire lit that has been burning for multiple generations and was “passed down to him by his mother” (31), highlighting his connection to tradition. Going forward in the narrative, multiple characters, including Belle and Michael, will be forced to navigate between modernity and tradition.
The murder of Grace Blanket introduces the theme of Greed, Corruption, and Anti-Indigenous Racism. Grace, a “modern” Osage woman, had embraced white culture and was known to associate simultaneously with multiple white men. This gained her a “reputation” and her murder, staged as a suicide, is initially believed to be the tragic result of a “lover’s quarrel,” even by her friends and family members. Anti-Indigenous racism is so embedded in the community that Grace is looked down upon and stereotyped not only by white townspeople but also by the Osage people. Her murder is also the result of anti-Indigenous racism, and John Hale, who is responsible for her murder, will become the text’s greatest embodiment of racism, corruption, and greed. In addition to his role in Grace’s murder, he has hatched an elaborate scheme (which necessitates the complicity and involvement of many people) to convince various members of the Osage community to let him take out a life insurance policy on them in exchange for payment, then to murder them for personal gain. Hale emerges as the clear antagonist, a man without a moral compass and lacking even the most basic respect for human life.
Michael Horse, a character who represents traditional Osage culture, makes a series of telling observations about interactions between local white people and members of the Osage community, which introduces the theme of The Exploitation of Indigenous People, Land, and Resources. After Grace is murdered, he wonders about the many white men who married Osage women after the discovery of oil on their lands. This practice strikes him as exploitive and disingenuous, and he realizes that such women are vulnerable. Grace’s death does not seem to him like the result of a “lover’s quarrel” and he begins to wonder if she might have been killed over her wealth. This is an important point in the narrative, not only because it reveals Michael Horse’s keen investigative sense, but also because it foreshadows the motive behind many of the murders. Michael’s growing fear that the deaths in the area are somehow connected to oil underlines the exploitive practices of white people in the area, who are intent on using the Osage for land, money, and wealth accumulation.
Prophecy functions as an important motif, and Michael Horse’s prophecy in particular reveals the danger that oil poses to the community. His vision that a man named John Thomas has been killed comes true, and Michael Horse, because he predicted it, is arrested for the man’s death. Although he is released because he has proof that he was playing poker at the time of the killing, his arrest echoes that of Benoit, an Osage man who became the scapegoat both for his own wife’s murder and for Grace Blanket’s. These incidents reveal the depth of corruption among the white officials in Watona: They collude and conspire to murder various members of the Osage community, and when they cannot keep the murders quiet they attempt to charge Osage scapegoats for the crimes. This practice speaks to the theme of Greed, Corruption, and Anti-Indigenous Racism in that it reveals the complex network of complicity that individuals like John Hale and the sheriff use both to commit and cover up crimes, and it shows that it is always Indigenous men and women who are blamed.
By Linda Hogan