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57 pages 1 hour read

Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch

Making Bombs for Hitler

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2012

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Chapters 16-20Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 16 Summary: “Lace Curtain”

A Hitler Youth takes Lida and a small group of less-injured laborers through the burning camp to a truck, passing the bodies of dead prisoners along the way. From the crowded truck, Lida sees Allied bombers in the night sky. The countryside is alight with fires. They are going to another work camp deeper in Germany because the advancing Front is close. A toothless woman on the truck returns Lida’s crucifix. Zenia, Natalia, and Kataryna escaped: They looked for Lida but could not wait for her. Zenia asked the woman to return the cross. Lida hopes they are safe. She is thrilled to have the cross back. It was passed down to the oldest child through generations of her family and gives Lida a sense of protection and strength. Lida now feels she judged Larissa unfairly because Larissa had no choice in her fate of living with a Nazi family.

The truck stops in a quaint village. A German housewife peek out from behind a lace curtain in a cottage. Lida wonders what she thinks of them. A mustached man emerges from a cottage near a stone building and inspects them. He rejects the toothless woman, who is taken away. The stone building smells like “misery.” The mattresses are lice-infested and there is only a stinking barrel for a toilet. Lida and the others assemble ammunition. Although Lida tries to get the others to sing, and tries to hang onto her hopes and dreams, the group is demoralized. Seasons pass, and Lida and the others never leave the building. Lida dreams of Larissa and the scent of lilacs.

Chapter 17 Summary: “Shokolad”

The mustached man disappears. The laborers run out of gunpowder and food. Lida is emaciated, her teeth are loose, and she has open sores on her feet. They are starving. Lida waits to die, hoping that Larissa will live. One day, the door to their factory crashes in. An American soldier steps inside. The soldier states that the Nazis are losing and offers them food and medical attention. Despite their infirmity, the enslaved laborers reject stretchers and help each other walk outside.

Lida thankfully realizes that the American soldier does not see her as inferior, like the Nazis. He gives her water and offers her a square of chocolate, or “shokolad” in Ukrainian. Lida cannot chew the sweet but lets a small piece dissolve on her tongue, savoring the taste. The soldier gives her the rest of the chocolate to eat later.

Lida angrily notices the housewife again behind the curtain. The soldier helps Lida to the cottage and kicks in the door. The woman has a black-ribboned photograph of a young man below a black-ribboned picture of Hitler. She has very little food. Seeing this, Lida is no longer angry and does not want to take anything from her. The woman gives her a slice of stale bread that Lida saves. Enslaved laborers take items from other cottages. One prisoner retrieves a looted wooden icon of a Madonna that looks much like the one from Lida’s church. Lida shares her bread with this prisoner. The soldiers take the icon to a refugee camp where a Ukrainian Catholic priest is building a church.

Chapter 18 Summary: “Looking for Larissa”

Traumatized by past experiences with the Nazi hospitals and nurses, Lida is terrified of the American hospital. She refuses to shower, fighting Nurse Astrid who carries her inside. Lida eventually relaxes and hugs Nurse Astrid, who gently washes Lida with real soap, shampoos her hair, and cleans her sores. Nurse Astrid insists Lida must heal before going to a refugee camp. Lida knows the painful medical treatment is necessary, and she tries to trust Nurse Astrid, but Lida still feels like a prisoner. Lida regains her strength, and in June, Nurse Astrid gives her a coveted pair of woolen socks and leather boots. Nurse Astrid drives Lida to a refugee camp. The roads are jammed with refugees traveling from camp to camp searching for loved ones. Lida looks futilely for Larissa.

Lida settles in a displaced persons camp that was formerly a convent. It has the makeshift Ukrainian church Lida heard about. Refugees tuck scraps of paper listing their information and the names of the people they are searching for in a stone wall, covering it with messages. Lida thinks of the time her mother left a message in their church wall, entreating God to bring back her husband. Lida knew the note endangered them and she ate the message without telling her mother. Lida and Nurse Astrid read each note, but there are no messages from Larissa, Luka, Zenia, Kataryna, or Natalia.

Chapter 19 Summary: “Praying for Larissa”

The refugee camp does not have the same sense of “misery” as the Nazi labor camp. Families make homes in small corners of the convent or construct dwellings from the rubble. Lida visits the church inside a broken-down barn. The altar is made from tin cans and a wooden door. The icon of the Madonna stands amidst candles. Lida prays for the souls of her dead family members, offers thanks that she is alive, and prays that Larissa and her friends are safe. She prays so long, she has trouble standing up, but a familiar voice offers to help her: Luka. Lida is overjoyed. Luka escaped in a truck carrying corpses from the camp hospital. He jumped out once he was away from the camp and hid in the woods with other escapees. They were pursued by the Nazis, and not all survived. Luka felt bad about leaving Lida behind and prayed she would be safe. He has not found anyone else from their work camp.

Lida and Luka are inseparable. They help around the camp, aiding other families constructing homes and overseeing the children. Lida has a corner of her own in an office building, and Luka bunks with a group of other boys. Lida checks the message wall and the Red Cross daily for news about Larissa. She wonders if they could check German records, but the Red Cross woman explains the Germans destroyed records as they retreated. Luka urges Lida to stay hopeful: Larissa is probably looking for Lida. Luka hopes to hear from his mother.

Chapter 20 Summary: “The Lucky Ones”

Lida settles into camp routine. She attends school with other 12-year-old children, learning English, math, history, and geography. Learning is “a gift,” and Lida is grateful for the opportunity. It feels strange to be with others her age, since she has been pretending to be older for so long. She is jealous of the “lucky ones,” the children who survived the war with a family member. It makes her feel alone, and more determined to find Larissa.

Lida shares her story with her teacher, Pani Zemluk, who counsels Lida that she did not kill grandmother by accepting candy from the Nazi woman. Pani Zemluk also warns Lida that she cannot go home again and should not tell people where she is from. Chernivets’ka is a part of Soviet Ukraine. The Soviets think that anyone who worked for the Nazis—even as enslaved laborers—are Nazis themselves. The Soviets are punishing all who return. Pani Zemluk declares Lida must stay safe to save Larissa. Lida is “shattered.”

Lida eats lunch with Luka. They are glad to have nourishing food. Luka eats ravenously. He thinks Pani Zemluk is wrong. Red Army soldiers told Luka his father is alive in Kyiv, and they will take Luka to him the next day. Lida is happy for Luka, but devastated he is leaving. Luka suggests she join him. Lida does not know how she will find Larissa if she is in Ukraine and Larissa is in Germany. Lida does not know what to do.

Chapters 16-20 Analysis

Lida’s courage and conviction are tested to the extreme in these chapters when she suffers even more barbaric conditions in her new work assignment. The power of family and friendship sustains Lida and strengthens her resolve. As Lida overcomes the inhumane, demeaning conditions, she maintains empathy for others, including the enemy. Skrypuch shows a concentrated example of Nazi inhumanity in the ammunition factory and the far-reaching effects of Nazi cruelty on the post-war refugees.

Even though her escape is thwarted, and she is once again subjected to brutal Nazi control, Lida finds evidence of humanity in the compassion of the toothless woman who returns her beloved cross and in Zenia’s consideration. The crucifix represents Lida’s family ties and is a part of her identity. Lida believes that the cross offers the protection of her family’s spirits, but it also conveys family responsibility. The cross makes Lida, the last remaining eldest child, even more bound by blood and determined to find her sister. The cross also represents faith, hope, and good luck: It protected Zenia and found its way back to Lida against all odds. Now, Lida believes it will shield her.

Although Lida is separated from Zenia, Natalia, and Kataryna, her emotional connection to her friends remains strong. Lida is glad to know they were “frantic” to find her and happy that they escaped. Lida continues to pray for their safety and longs to know what happened to them. Her emotional response to their escape reveals the importance of their friendship. The girls strengthened one another. With her support network gone, Lida is on her own.

Without her friends, Lida suffers in the small ammunition factory. It seems impossible to create beauty there: She cannot even inspire the others to sing. Lida struggles to transcend the squalid conditions, mentally focusing on her dreams and hopes, “the only things that sustained me” (177). She declares, “Much as I would have liked to curl up and die, it wasn’t my right to do so” (171). Her obligation to find Larissa drives her to survive, but her strength of will cannot overcome the physical need for food. Lida accepts death, waiting to die when the enslaved laborers run out of food, praying only that Larissa survives.

Lida’s self-sacrificing nature is evident in her devotion to finding Larissa, in her prayers for her friends, and in her compassion for others. She exemplifies humanity in the face of inhumanity. Despite her own physical and emotional torment, Lida considers others. She tamps down her own critical thoughts of herself and others. She changes her hasty negative judgement about Larissa living as a Nazi, knowing that she, like Lida, had little choice in her fate. Lida’s empathy extends to her enemies. She recognizes that the German housewife was also negatively affected by the war, and like Lida, has lost family and has little to eat.

Lida and the other enslaved laborers are traumatized after their experiences with Nazi brutality; the psychological effects of which are shown in the following examples: Lida’s initial, brief fear that the American soldier would treat her as inferior; her terror of the hospital; the other patients who “looked whole, but they stared at the ceiling without blinking” (187); the “urgency” with which Luka eats; and the hundreds of refugees seeking loved ones, leaving their fragile hopes as notes on a wall. These tragedies are counteracted by examples of humanity. The American soldier shares shokolad, Nurse Astrid provides unconditional care and love, and the refugees show their solidarity and resilience helping one another rebuild and recover; all of which help renew Lida’s faith and determination.

However, Pani Zemluk dashes Lida’s hopes of returning home and raises a new fear: Soviet retaliation against Nazi prisoners. Lida faces an identity crisis. She does not want to deny her Ukrainian heritage and give up on her homeland, which would be tantamount to rejecting her family. In this way, she is in a similar position to Zenia, who was reluctant to wear the cross and deny her Jewish identity. Lida’s sense of self and purpose is attached to finding Larissa and taking her home. Lida has stayed alive for Larissa’s sake. Now, Lida discovers that although she is free of the Nazis, she is not truly free and cannot pursue her long-held hopes and dreams exactly as she imagined. The revelation “shatters” Lida and increases her tension when Luka disagrees with Pani Zemluk’s assessment and invites Lida to return to Ukraine with him.

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