37 pages • 1 hour read
Nayomi MunaweeraA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
In Colombo the judge suffers multiple strokes leading to his death, leaving Sylvia Sunethra to manage a debt-ridden estate. She relents to renting the upstairs apartment to a Tamil family to make ends meet. The cultural differences between the Tamil family upstairs and Visaka’s Sinhala family downstairs are referred to as “the Upstairs-Downstairs, Linga-Singha wars” and establish an ongoing domestic rivalry that creates tension between the two families (36).
While Sylvia Sunethra is distracted over her family’s economic hardship and her intentions to find suitable spouses for her children, Visaka engages in a passionate first romance with Ravan, the Tamil boy upstairs. When Ravan proposes they marry despite their ethnic differences, Visaka immediately withdraws from his embrace, looking at him as though he’s mad for thinking “the differences between them could be blown away like dusty cobwebs” (43). Visaka’s rejection of Ravan sets him on a path of vengeful behavior. He begins by ignoring Visaka despite her desperate attempts to regain his affection. When she learns that Ravan is about to marry another girl, Visaka “grows careless with her heart, and worse, her reputation” (45) and openly asks Ravan to take her back. Alice arrives to drag Visaka back to her family’s downstairs apartment just as Ravan’s family laughs at Visaka’s expense.
In Hikkaduwa village Beatrice Muriel celebrates Nishan’s entry to university as an engineering student. Mala also passes her university entrance examinations, although her success is noted only after “the jubilation has subsided” (48). At university, Nishan exhausts himself with his studies, while Mala attracts the attention of male classmates with her developing curvy figure and “the curling vines that flee from her bun to linger about her throat” (49). She falls in love with Anuradha, an engineering friend of Nishan’s who looks at Mala “not appraisingly like some of the others, but as if he actually desired her opinion” (49). Beatrice Muriel is at first offended that Anuradha would dare ask for Mala’s hand in marriage with only a friend to support his request, but her tone changes to one of praise when she considers what she thinks to be the only alternative: Mala as a spinster.
Mala’s engagement is solidified, and the narrative turns to Nishan’s budding romance with the recently rejected Visaka. The two meet at a birthday party, where Nishan is taken by Visaka’s “big eyes, sharp chin, fragile collarbones” (53). Visaka, however, is still preoccupied by her longing for Ravan. Against Beatrice Muriel’s wishes, Nishan and Visaka are engaged. It is a good match for Sylvia Sunethra’s daughter, who Beatrice Muriel looks upon as “some Colombo girl of reduced circumstances” (53).
Courtesy compels Sylvia Sunethra to invite her upstairs neighbors to her daughter’s wedding, so Ravan and his bride attend Visaka and Nishan’s marriage ceremony. Visaka remains distracted throughout her wedding, “barely aware of the young man beside her” (55). Her trance is broken when Ravan again treats her with cold civility in the reception line. Ravan is “confident, self-contained,” with eyes that “are vacant except for a sort of seething hatred” (56). Ravan’s vacant yet hateful look removes any uncertainty regarding his feelings toward Visaka.
Visaka warms to Nishan somewhat during their honeymoon and is pregnant after their first year of marriage. Ravan’s wife upstairs is also pregnant, and the two women support one another through childbirth and new motherhood, temporarily easing the tension between them as former rivals for Ravan’s affections. Ravan’s son Shiva and the novel’s narrator Yasodhara are born side by side.
Yasodhara and Shiva grow up together, their mothers no longer rivals. Visaka gives birth three years later to Lanka, and the three children—Yasodhara, Shiva, and Lanka—become “a threesome from then on. Joined at the hip. A pyramid. A triangle” (62). Their youthfully blissful naivete over their conflicting ethnic backgrounds is shattered when Sylvia Sunethra slaps Shiva for speaking to her granddaughters in Tamil. As an adult, Yasodhara shudders at this memory and warns readers that what’s to come between them later will be “so much more painful” (63). In the meantime, though, the narrative follows Yasodhara and Lanka, who goes by La for short, as they grow up amid events leading to the civil war. Alice’s son Dilshan enlists in the Sinhala army as rumors of violent unrest spread and tensions grow between Tamil and Sinhala populations across the island.
Velupillai Prabhakaran, described as a “seventeen-year-old revolutionary secessionist,” assassinates a Tamil mayor for being “a lackey to Sinhalese oppressors” (71). Alice remains the only family member directly impacted by the increasing violence when her son leaves home to train in the army; Yasodhara and her sister continue to enjoy a relatively naive coming of age. Yasodhara and Shiva continue their friendship, discovering and occupying Visaka and Ravan’s former secret hideout below the apartments. When the Sinhalese burn a Tamil library in Jaffna, Shiva’s usually high spirits are deflated. Tension grows between Shiva and Yasodhara.
Ravan’s introduction is layered with foreshadowing. He is named after a “brilliant strategist and warrior” with a reputation as a Demon King (39), foreshadowing his sudden transformation into a vengeful character intent on hurting Visaka for rejecting him. He is described in predator-like terms, with “perfectly white, slightly wolfish teeth” (40), warning readers of his ability to appear enticing while being dangerous at his core. When Visaka rejects him, Ravan’s eyes are opened to the depth of their differences, a reality he had naively overlooked until this moment.
Larger ethnic tensions continue playing out at the domestic level, reflected frequently in the author’s word choices. The diction of Sylvia Sunethra’s speech echoes the increasing tension and impending violence in the background of the story’s setting, as she accuses her Tamil neighbors of invading her family’s space, stealing her family’s fruit, and constantly sending “that army of small ones running up and down the stairs” (37). The simultaneous births of Yasodhara and Shiva ease the cultural tension that has until this point been rapidly developing in the plotline. The daily friendly talk between the two mothers is “a mixture of Tamil, Sinhala, and English that makes them laugh often” (61), the intimate blend of languages signifying their shared experiences and communal support. Sylvia Sunethra brings an end to this briefly blissful ease in tension when she strikes Shiva. Yasodhara reflects, “It was the first time we knew without question that we were different, separate, and that this difference was as wide as the ocean” (63). In striking Shiva, Sylvia Sunethra reinforces her symbolic role as a domestic reflection of the larger clashes between the Tamil and Sinhala on the island.
Plot tension increases when Velupillai Prabhakaran initiates a “by any means necessary” revolution against Sinhala oppression and is identified to readers as the future leader hinted at before (71). The author borrows from real historical events to create tension for the fictional characters and plot line; V. Prabhakaran was the real leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, and he claimed responsibility for the 1975 assassination of Alfred Duraiappah, who was a mayor, lawyer, and politician in Jaffna. The 1981 burning of the Jaffna Public Library was another historical event leading to the Sri Lankan Civil War. By incorporating real historical events, the author builds in even greater tension, as readers know to expect a full-on civil war soon in the plot.