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63 pages 2 hours read

Erin Hunter

Into the Wild

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2003

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Literary Devices

Setting: Hierarchy and Social Structure

The structure of the Clans’ society is integral to the setting of Into the Wild and communicates some of the novel’s core themes. Each Clan is governed by a hierarchy of positions, wherein each cat has responsibilities befitting their designated role, and all of which centralize the same principle: community. Each role in the Clan contributes to the whole: The warriors hunt for and protect the Clan and train the upcoming warriors; the medicine cat cares for the Clan’s health and interprets messages from StarClan; the she-cats in the nursery all participate in communal kitten rearing. Cats too old to continue in their duties are honored as elders (retired warriors) and cared for by the entire Clan. The Clans’ community-focused way of life is a vehicle for the fellowship that both defines and drives the warriors’ world.

Ceremonies are another important part of Clan life. Although these ceremonies mirror human ones, the Clan cats’ ceremonies are grounded in cat body language. This prompts the reader to consider complex systems of social communication different from their own. For example, the cats strengthen their social bonds in a ritual known as “sharing tongues,” in which all the cats gather and groom each other while swapping news; the reader might consider what kinds of rituals they engage in to strengthen their social bonds. The cats also have a ritual for processing grief: They all gather around the departed warrior’s body and press together for comfort as they share tongues for a final time. This mimics the way in which humans process grief by gathering for memorials and funerals to honor the deceased. The Clan rituals signify the cats as fully rounded, anthropomorphized creatures capable of complex thought and humanlike emotions, prompting the reader to examine the experiences signified by each ceremony from an outside perspective and consider parallels in their own life.

Equally important are the ceremonies that promote cats within the Clan. With almost every advancement in rank comes a change in the suffix of the cat’s name; for example, all apprentices’ names end with “paw,” while all leaders’ names end with “star.” While the prefix of a cat’s name does not change, it is not until they are granted full status as a warrior that they receive a unique suffix that signals some key characteristic. For example, Firepaw’s warrior name is Fireheart, symbolizing both the color of his fur and the strength of his personal honor. The ceremonies and name changes indicate how the cats perceive each other socially; they also signify the importance of Clan role in both personal and communal identity, reflecting the novel’s theme on fellowship.

Altogether, the complexities of the Clan society reinforce the novel’s thematic statement on the importance of loyalty and fellowship. The intent of the Clans’ social structure is to foster intimate bonds of kinship and loyalty; without this structure, the Clans would simply be a band of rogues fighting each other for survival. Understanding how the hierarchy of the Clans provides a framework for community reinforces the thematic significance of fellowship in the narrative.

Lexicon

The cats in the novel communicate using a unique lexicon. Much of this terminology incorporates allusions to nature, reflecting the cats’ frame of reference. This lexicon applies not just to natural elements in the cats’ world, but also to human structures; for example, the cats call highways “the Thunderpath.” As the term “highway” would be meaningless to the cats, they liken this structure to the closest thing they know in their world; the reader can infer that to the cats, the noise of a human highway recalls the frightening thunder of a powerful storm. Because the author limits narration to the cats’ viewpoint, the worldbuilding details reflect a cat’s frame of reference. The lexicon is essential to communicating the animal perspective in the novel and reinforces the allegorical perspectives characteristic of animal fantasy.

The cats’ unique lexicon prompts the reader to consider how the cats view their world and define their surroundings. For example, nature allusions are prominent because natural elements make up the totality of the cats’ world and direct their understanding of all structures therein. At the same time, the cats’ terminology gives the reader a fresh perspective on familiar concepts from an unfamiliar perspective. For example, the cats’ words for seasons, such as “leaf-bare” for winter and “newleaf” for spring, are taken from tree behavior during seasonal changes. The reader might consider how the cats evolved this terminology: Trees are major structures of the cats’ world and influence prey scarcity, making trees an important marker to the cats of seasonal changes. Defamiliarizing these concepts through the cats’ lexicon prompts the reader to consider the role of language in reflecting differing understandings of the world.

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