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47 pages 1 hour read

Seymour Reit

Guns For General Washington

Nonfiction | Book | Middle Grade | Published in 1990

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Themes

Overcoming Physical and Environmental Challenges

The combination of human determination and creative problem-solving can triumph over even the most formidable obstacles, reinforcing the larger narrative of the American Revolution as a struggle not just against a political enemy but against the harsh realities of the natural world.

One of the toughest challenges Knox and his men faced was the severe winter weather. The deep snow and freezing temperatures created nearly insurmountable obstacles, turning the landscape into a treacherous and hostile environment. The men pushed through these conditions as they “struggled through snow three feet deep, against a howling wind, moving across country with no path or trail to guide them” (72). This shows the immense physical effort required just to make basic progress, with the cold steadily draining their strength and morale. The freezing temperatures also add a layer of danger to the journey. Crossing frozen rivers, for instance, becomes a tense and risky endeavor. The ice on the river “creaked and cracked as if complaining about its burden” (84), forcing the men to proceed with extreme caution. The precariousness of these crossings illustrates how the environment itself became an adversary, challenging the men not just physically but mentally as they face the constant threat of disaster.

Another obstacle they faced was the rugged landscape, which required ingenuity and steadfastness to overcome. Will believed “that these high rocky mountains—and not the British—were going to be their worst enemy” (101). The steep inclines, treacherous paths, and unpredictable terrain made every step a grueling challenge for the men and their horses. The narrow, winding trails forced the convoy to move slowly and cautiously, with the constant threat of a misstep sending them tumbling down the mountainside. The rocky outcrops and sharp inclines tested the endurance and strength of both the men and their equipment as they struggled to haul the heavy artillery over the unforgiving ground. The jagged rocks and uneven surfaces caused frequent slips and falls, adding to the physical toll on the soldiers and animals alike. Each ascent up the mountains felt like an uphill battle, where progress was painstakingly slow, and the looming peaks ahead served as a daunting reminder of the challenges that still lay before them.

Despite the physical demands of the journey, the men were driven by a deep sense of duty and the knowledge that their efforts were crucial to the revolutionary cause. Knox’s leadership was instrumental in keeping them focused on their objective. Knox, a civilian turned military leader, understood the importance of morale and the need to keep his men motivated despite the overwhelming challenges they faced. He was not just a leader in the logistical sense, organizing the transport of the cannons, but also a moral leader, constantly reminding his men of the greater purpose behind their suffering and toil.

The Strategic Importance of Artillery in Warfare

Through detailed depictions of the acquisition, transportation, and eventual deployment of artillery, the text illustrates how these heavy weapons were not just tools of destruction but pivotal assets that could determine the success or failure of military campaigns.

From the outset, the Continental Army had a dire need for artillery. George Washington’s frustrations are clear when he noted that “without cannons, the colonists couldn’t liberate Boston. Without men, the British couldn’t attack Cambridge” (17). This statement points to a gap in the Continental Army’s capabilities—while they had enough soldiers, they lacked the firepower needed to break the British hold on the city. This strategic shortfall drove Henry Knox’s mission to retrieve the artillery from Fort Ticonderoga, which is presented as a bold but necessary gamble to shift the balance of power. In addition to driving the main action of the plot, the journey to haul heavy cannons 300 miles speaks to the importance of guns and ammunition in changing the course of the war.

The placement of the artillery on Dorchester Heights marks a pivotal moment in the conflict. The cannons, once positioned, “roared out, growling defiance at the enemy who, for so long, had tormented their city” (132). This moment shows the powerful impact of artillery in warfare, where its strategic placement can turn previously secure positions into vulnerable targets and force the enemy to retreat. The text makes it clear that the presence of the cannons on the heights is enough to compel General Howe to evacuate Boston, demonstrating that the strategic use of artillery can decisively influence the outcome of military engagements without the need for prolonged combat.

Beyond their physical and tactical importance, the cannons also carry psychological and symbolic meaning. The narrative describes the artillery’s “roar” as a” “song of victory, a mighty shout of freedom” (133), which not only weakens the morale of the British but also energizes the American forces. This dual effect shows how artillery acts as a symbol of the revolutionaries’ determination and strength, representing their fight for independence and their capacity to challenge British power.

The psychological effect of the artillery is also evident in the reaction of the British, who are forced to recognize the shift in power dynamics. General Howe was forced to confront the fact that “the colonists—those ‘country bumpkins’ he’d once sneered at—had outplanned, outgunned, and outsmarted him” (137). This acknowledgment further reinforces the idea that artillery, when effectively deployed, can alter not just the physical battlefield but the mental and emotional landscape of war.

How Ordinary People Shape History

One of the most compelling examples of ordinary people shaping history comes from the soldiers who undertook the grueling task of transporting artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston. These men, many of whom were farmers, laborers, or young volunteers with no formal military training, were tasked with the near-impossible mission of hauling massive cannons across hundreds of miles of difficult terrain in the dead of winter. Their perseverance in the face of such daunting challenges is a testament to how ordinary people can achieve extraordinary feats. Characters like J.P. Becker, his father, Old Toby, and the various unnamed drivers and laborers all contribute their skills, labor, and knowledge.

The theme is reinforced by scenes where everyone works together to overcome obstacles, such as when they build sleds from scratch, haul cannons up steep inclines, or strategize to move through difficult terrain. These moments illustrate how history is shaped not just by famous leaders but by the combined actions of many individuals working together. It is also seen in the labors of the unnamed artillerymen who build the forts at Dorchester Heights in the dead of night.

Despite their lack of formal training, these characters exhibit remarkable bravery and resilience. Young J.P. takes on a major responsibility, showing that even those with little experience can have a real impact. The willingness of these ordinary people to face hardships and take risks for the greater good reveals their strong commitment to the cause, and it shows how personal sacrifices can influence the course of history.

The theme of ordinary people shaping history is clear in the support provided by local communities during the journey. Civilians, though not directly involved in the fighting, played an important role in the revolutionary effort through acts of generosity and solidarity. This support was essential in keeping the mission going, showing how the revolutionary cause relied on collective action. For example, the villagers of Westfield offered “ale, cider, and all the good food they could eat” (118). These acts of support revived the men’s spirits and renewed their strength for the journey ahead. This scene shows that the contributions of ordinary citizens were crucial to the mission’s success. Without the food, shelter, and resources provided by these communities, the soldiers might not have been able to continue. The villagers’ willingness to help, even with the risks and sacrifices involved, reflects the broader idea that history is shaped by the collective efforts of ordinary people working together toward a common goal.

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