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104 pages 3 hours read

Alan Gratz

Grenade

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2018

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Chapters 31-40Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2, Chapter 31 Summary: “No-Man’s-Land”

American star shells cast a green light over the landscape as Hideki makes his way south alongside hundreds of Okinawan refugees. When he notices Japanese army boots under a woman’s kimono, he realizes that this is actually a male Japanese soldier in disguise. Knowing that the Americans will open fire on the group once they spot the disguise, Hideki slips away.

He comes across a group of American corpses and gathers food from their backpacks. He also collects their photos and adds them to his growing collection. After being shot at by a US sniper, Hideki manages to reach a Japanese bunker built into a cave. He is surprised to find it empty; the Japanese army must be retreating further south. He continues moving as well.

Part 2, Chapter 32 Summary: “Typhoon of Steel”

Hideki joins the tens of thousands of Okinawan refugees and Japanese soldiers moving south in the heavy rain. Mournfully, he compares the image of Okinawa before in his mind—coral sand roads, palm trees, and women in beautiful kimonos—to the current muddy mess and destruction.

When something moves in the corner of Hideki’s eye, he recognizes Ray’s ghost and explains to it that he needs to find Kimiko. As an American plane swoops low over the crowd, Hideki sees Japanese soldiers running and understands that the plane is radioing their location to a battleship offshore. Hideki jumps into a ditch on the side of the road just as shells land and explode on the road in deafening bangs, killing and injuring many.

Once the bombing stops, Hideki keeps moving south.

Part 2, Chapter 33 Summary: “Family”

Hideki, exhausted, crawls into a tomb. The family the tomb belongs to—the Miyagis—are also hiding in there; they allow Hideki to rest. Hideki gives them some food and tells them that they should surrender to the Americans, who are not the monsters they were depicted as. After Hideki wakes up from a nap, the Miyagis ask him to take them to a US camp; Hideki leads them there, even though it requires him to backtrack north.

The Miyagis wave a white flag and approach loudly; American soldiers take them to safety. Mother Miyagi hugs Hideki and thanks him; he continues south.

Part 2, Chapter 34 Summary: “The Toilet Sauna”

Hideki is starving. He follows some Japanese soldiers to a command post in a cave hoping for food. He finds nurses there—it is also a field hospital—and asks if they know Kimiko, but they do not.

When an American voice calls into the cave that the occupants must come out with their hands up, Hideki implores them to surrender but the Japanese soldiers refuse. Hideki and many others run to the ventilation shafts at the back of the cave, hoping to climb out and escape, but American soldiers are pouring gasoline down these shafts.

As US forces throw grenades and flamethrower flames into the cave, Hideki pulls a metal cabinet down onto himself and a nurse. They shelter behind it as the fire rages. Finally, when the fire stops, they climb out. Everyone else is dead. They run to the back of the cave.

Part 2, Chapter 35 Summary: “Fire”

The nurse, Masako, was conscripted from a high school in Naha to work in a field hospital. Masako describes the horror and stress of working in a field hospital while supplies run out and American bombs fall.

In the distance, they see that Shuri Castle is on fire. They find cans of food in a bunker and eat. Japanese soldiers come across them and insist that they need to rejoin the army, so Hideki and Masako accompany them to a bunker filled with Japanese soldiers, Okinawan nurses, and refugees. Suddenly, Hideki hears a familiar voice scolding a child—it’s Kimiko.

Part 2, Chapter 36 Summary: “The Girl Who Died”

Kimiko is overjoyed to see Hideki, but scolds him for coming south, where he will almost inevitably die. The Japanese army plans to aggressively attack the Americans; they are going to use Okinawan children as human shields and take as many American lives as possible.

Hideki tells Kimiko that their brother, mother, and father are dead. Kimiko responds with the story of how she got the white stripe in her hair that marks her as a yuta: As a child, she hit her head on a rock in the ocean and stopped breathing. Having already died once, she does not want to die again. Kimiko knows the only way out of the cave.

Part 2, Chapter 37 Summary: “The Mother of All Bombs”

To escape the cave, they need to sidestep an unexploded American bomb which is sitting right at the cave entrance. It could detonate at any moment. Kimiko goes first. Masako is reluctant. Then, in a moment of high tension, she accidentally slips and falls onto the bomb as she tries to sidle past.

Part 2, Chapter 38 Summary: “Standoff”

The bomb does not explode from Masako’s contact with it. Hideki coaxes a group of Okinawan children, who they brought from the cave, to carefully sidestep the bomb. They are fearful.

A Japanese soldier arrives, threatening to shoot them if they leave. Hideki invites him to shoot, pointing out that if he misses or if the bullet travels through Hideki’s body, it will detonate the huge bomb. Angrily, the Japanese soldier does not shoot. Hideki urges the last child through and follows.

They begin traveling north, toward the front lines and Hideki and Kimiko’s home.

Part 2, Chapter 39 Summary: “Lies and Dreams”

The group comes across a Japanese machine gun nest. Masako suggests that Hideki could use his grenade to kill the two Japanese soldiers manning it, but he is reluctant. Instead, Hideki goes in and distracts the soldiers, lying that he has been sent by Lieutenant Colonel Sano with a message that the Yamato (a Japanese ship which was actually destroyed) is coming with reinforcements to take the soldiers home. The men are overcome with the news.

Hideki offers them cigarettes, and they watch as he goes through the pack. In the meantime, Kimiko, Masako, and the children sneak past unseen. When the Japanese soldiers see Hideki’s pile of photos, he explains that he took some from an American soldier that he killed and that others were given to him for safekeeping. The soldiers give Hideki their own family photos to protect as well. Hideki senses that they know that the Yamato is not coming for them, and that they will die.

Part 2, Chapter 40 Summary: “Lion-Dogs”

Hideki catches up with Kimiko, Masako, and the children. When they reach a US camp guarded by armed soldiers, Masako suggests that Hideki use his grenade. Hideki knows that they will die if he does this—the Americans will turn into monstrous “lion-dogs” (230), angry and violent because they are afraid. In any case, the war is not Okinawan, but is between America and Japan.

Chapters 31-40 Analysis

The novel turns the ethnic prejudice it portrayed earlier between Japanese and Okinawan people on its head in this section. Hideki initially perceived the war as Japan and Okinawa against the US, but his belief that his island is united with mainland Japan dissipates. Instead, he now sees Okinawa as standing outside the conflict, separate from the two warring countries waging it. In the face of aggressive warfare from both sides, which has resulted in the collateral loss of so many Okinawan lives, Hideki changes his convictions about his ethnic group: Whereas he used to believe, “This is our home. The Japanese will protect us,” Hideki now knows that,one of those things was true. The other was far from it” (186).

The Brutality of War has scarred and destroyed the picturesque Okinawan landscape: Hideki remembers “brilliant white coral sand roads lined with waving green palm trees. Thatched wooden barns, square houses with red terra-cotta roofs. Women in blue bashofu kimonos with babies strapped to their backs, going to the market” (181), but all he can see now is devastation:

American bombs had knocked down trees and taken the tops off hills, stomping the landscape flat like an angry god. Entire villages were shattered, the wooden houses and barns reduced to toothpicks. There was no color to anything anymore—the people, the ground, the sky, they were all a dull, filthy gray-brown (181).

The two descriptions play off of each other, updating elements of the countryside to show the results of the battle. The war has leached color from Hideki’s world, as the “white roads,” “green palms,” “red roofs,” and “blue kimonos” become “dull, filthy gray-brown” (181). Once again, the US military is compared to an otherworldly power—earlier, its bombs shook the island’s bedrock like an earthquake, and here, they flatten villages “like an angry god” (181). A more concrete symbol of the transformation is the burning of Shuri Castle—a landmark on the island and a repository of its culture and history, now gone up in flames.

The actions of the IJA section continue, dispelling the ideals of The Honor Culture of Imperial Japan. US star bombs kill many people, but the corpses Hideki sees are “mostly Okinawan” (174). IJA propaganda has made Okinawan civilians fear surrendering, convinced that US troops will “kill us!” (187). Meanwhile, Japanese soldiers continue to use Okinawan refugees as human shields; Hideki notices that the group of refugees he is walking with is full of “army boots hidden among the kimonos. Japanese soldiers had snuck in among their ranks throughout the night, hoping to slip through enemy lines” (174). As made clear earlier, once US troops become aware of the ruse, they will kill the whole group; however, the Japanese army uses this tactic with no consideration to the loss of Okinawan lives. Later, even more gruesomely, Kimiko reveals that Japanese soldiers plan to use “Okinawan children as human shields” (203) in an upcoming attack. All of this belies the idea of the Japanese army upholding values of bravery and honor; instead, the cowardly cruelty of the plan prompts the morally upright Kimiko and Hideki to fully jettison any lingering loyalty to Japan and to smuggle the children to safety. Unlike the false bravado of the IJA, Hideki’s decision is true courage.

Photographs continue to be a humanizing motif. Hideki’s finger-framing technique is still a functional coping strategy for keeping the unbelievable tragedy of Okinawa at a psychologically healthy remove: “Hideki made a rectangle with his fingers and squinted, framing an imaginary photograph. All around him, thousands of Okinawan refugees and Japanese soldiers trudged south in the pouring rain” (180). Photographs also help Hideki connect to Ray/Rei; Hideki sees both of them as mabui keepers whose photos have merged into “Their collection now” (176). By gathering these photographs, Hideki honors the men who lost their lives in the conflict as human beings, not enemy combatants. It is significant that Hideki groups the photos of Japanese and American photos together; he sees them all as victims of warfare, forced to become killers. These images guarantee the men a kind of survival, echoing Hideki’s vision of Ray/Rei’s ghost, which he often feels that he can see out of the corner of his eye, and paying respect for the dead—an important tenet of Okinawan Spirituality.

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