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47 pages 1 hour read

Louisa May Alcott

Eight Cousins

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1874

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Part 1, Chapters 1-4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1, Chapter 1 Summary: “Two Girls”

Content Warning: The source text includes racist language about Chinese people.

The novel opens on its protagonist, the recently orphaned heir Rose Campbell, who never knew her mother and is mourning the loss of her father, George. She is crying alone in the dark and dreary parlor of her great-aunts’ house, where she is staying until her new guardian, her father’s long-estranged brother Alec, returns. The house is on “Aunt Hill,” named after the collection of aunts (Jane, Clara, Jessie, and Myra) and great-aunts (Peace and Plenty) whose households are situated near each other. Since Rose’s return from boarding school a week ago, Aunt Peace and Plenty have tried to cheer morose little Rose up with gifts and visitors but are at a loss as to how to console the girl, who seems to them a “low-spirited butterfly” (1).

Rose discovers her own consolation when she follows the sound of a bird from the parlor down to the kitchen. She realizes it is not a mockingbird, as she suspected, but a 15-year-old servant girl named Phebe Moore who is singing while she scrubs the hearth. Rose is immediately delighted by Phebe’s talent and intrigued by her drastically different life circumstances. She confides to Phebe her sorrow about her father and fears of her boy cousins. At first, Phebe is jealous of Rose’s privileges of wealth, guardianship, and education but softens when she witnesses Rose’s grief. The two become fast friends and chat together until Rose hears loud noises outside and sees what she thinks is a traveling circus. Suddenly, the grumpy cook, Debby, barges in to tell Rose that she is wanted back in the parlor.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Summary: “The Clan”

Back in the parlor, Rose walks in on an assembly of her seven boy cousins, who introduce themselves as “The Clan” and are dressed in Scottish attire. The eldest, Archie, introduces them according to their parentage. Aunt Clara and Uncle Steven have one son, the biggest cousin, called “Prince Charlie.” Uncle Mac and Aunt Jane’s two sons are the bookworm, Mac, and fashionable young gentleman, “Steve the Dandy.” Uncle Jem and Aunt Clara are parents to Archie the “Chief,” and his three younger brothers, Will, Geordie, and the youngest cousin, Jamie.

Despite her timidity, Rose shakes hands with each of the boys, shares her book collection with her cousin Mac, and gives young Jamie candy, which wins him over to her. She learns that the “circus” she saw earlier was her cousins’ new Shetland pony and dog cart. They take her outside to show her and take her to the barn, where they perform a Scottish Highlander dance—their shared cultural heritage. Despite her worries about female propriety, Rose enjoys her cousins’ attentions and liveliness, which is a “new and astonishing spectacle” for her (22). Later, Rose has dinner with them, after which, exhausted from the eventful day, she falls asleep on the couch and dreams of her father’s embrace. As she awakens, she realizes that it is her Uncle Alec holding her in a warm welcome.

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary: “Uncles”

Rose wakes early the next morning feeling excited to get to know her uncle better. From her balcony, she watches him walk toward the house from a morning ocean swim, noting with relief that he seems to be a friendly and vivacious man. When he sees her, he nimbly climbs up the pillars to her balcony. They discuss her decline in health and mood since her father’s passing, her poor sleep quality, her sedentary lifestyle, and her aunts’ belief that she is a weak girl with “no constitution.” Uncle Alec disagrees with her aunts’ approach and promises to return Rose to health, explaining that he is in the business of turning “pale-faced little ghosts into rosy, hearty girls” (36).

First, he lines up Aunt Myra’s nostrums (medicines made by someone without medical knowledge) on the balustrade and throws them into the garden. Then, when Phebe brings Rose her morning cup of coffee, he throws it over as well, asking for a cup of milk instead. At breakfast, he convinces her to eat healthy oatmeal, despite her dislike of the dish. Later, at church, her animated boy cousins are so excited to see Uncle Alec that their theatric responses distract Rose from the sermon. After church, the boys are upset that they can’t come over for dinner with Uncle Alec straightaway, so he bribes them with the promise of gifts from his travels if they wait quietly until Monday night.

Part 1, Chapter 4 Summary: “Aunts”

At Sunday night dinner, Rose is sent upstairs to visit Aunt Peace while Uncle Alec and the other aunts deliberate over a plan for Rose’s welfare. Rose feels compassion for her Aunt Peace, who at 20 experienced tragedy when her betrothed died the day they were to be wed. To Rose, she is a romantic figure, with beautiful silver hair and a calming demeanor. She reflects that Aunt Plenty is the opposite: a boisterous woman who relishes the practical responsibilities of housekeeping.

Meanwhile, Uncle Alec and the aunts discuss Rose’s sickly disposition—its causes, and possible cures. Uncle Alec blames his late brother George’s sedentary and cloistered lifestyle. Each aunt offers their different opinions of what they feel that Rose needs, from boarding school to lessons in etiquette, and Aunt Myra morosely predicts that Rose will die within a year. Aunt Jessie suggests that what Rose needs most is a mother-figure, and Uncle Alec agrees that Rose would be best served by being the sole charge of one guardian, rather than being raised by the conflicting parenting styles of six different aunts. The aunts agree that as Alec is her appointed guardian, Rose will live one year in his sole care without interference. Alec promises that if, at the end of the year, Rose’s health is not improved, he’ll allow one of the other aunts to take charge of her.

To appease the aunts’ expectations of medicinal cures, Alec creates placebo pills made from brown bread. He gives Rose an aromatherapy herb pillow to sleep on and a cup to drink milk from each morning, and he says that she must milk the cow herself. In good humor, he jokes to the aunts that he is so daunted by the gravity of his task that he might run away until Rose comes of age.

Part 1, Chapters 1-4 Analysis

These opening chapters set up the theme of Parenting Styles and Their Impacts through the characterization of Rose, Uncle Alec, her cousins, and her aunts. Rose’s orphaning is the inciting event that propels the novel’s exploration of the powers and limits of motherhood. Aunt Jessie, characterized as a nurturing parent with “a heart full of motherly goodwill” (53), alerts the reader to Rose’s lack of parental care. This evokes empathy for Rose’s grief, counteracting her other aunts’ description of Rose as sullen and spoiled. Rose’s personality is portrayed as a product of a lack of parental influence, indicating the need for improvement through care.

The main conflict of the novel is the debate over which style of care will help Rose thrive. The novel quickly emphasizes that a child raised by conflicting ideologies will not thrive, demonstrated through Rose’s dismay at trying to follow the different pieces of advice that she receives from her host of aunts. Aunt Jane, the aunt who thinks Rose is spoiled, believes in a strict education through boarding school, rather than indulgence. Aunt Clara believes that a young woman should attend finishing school to study etiquette and feminine social graces until she is old enough to be introduced into society and the marriage market. On the other hand, Aunt Myra, a melancholic woman who displays the stereotypical nervousness attributed to female temperament in misogynistic models, believes that Rose will die of her affliction. The novel suggests that it could be Rose’s fate until Uncle Alec steps in and destroys Myra and Plenty’s potentially dangerous treatments, establishing Alec as a heroic figure.

Alcott uses Uncle Alec’s profession as a doctor to convey that he is the best possible caretaker for the sickly Rose. Additionally, his attentiveness to Rose, portrayed through dialogue when he speaks to her “seriously and “tenderly” and apologizes for being a neglectful uncle, endears him to Rose and supports his characterization as a caring figure. This sentimental portrait establishes Alec as a trustworthy figure before Alcott delineates his unorthodox parenting methodology.

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