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59 pages 1 hour read

Diana Gabaldon

Dragonfly in Amber

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1992

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Themes

The Trauma of Sexual Assault

Content Warning: This Themes section contains references to rape and sexual assault.

The trauma of sexual assault impacts several characters in this novel. The end of the previous novel, Outlander, shows Jamie Fraser recovering in a French monastery from the torture and sexual assault he suffered at the hands of Jack Randall. It appears that Jamie has recovered well, but as the novel progresses, the reader can see that Jamie is still struggling emotionally with what happened. The first time his emotional struggle to his sexual assault is evident is after Claire recognizes Mary Hawkins’ name as the surviving wife of Jack Randall and the mother of Frank’s direct ancestor. Jamie has difficulty sleeping that night as a direct result of his concern that Jack might not be dead. A short time later, Jamie and Claire run into Alexander Randall and initially mistake him for Jack. Again, Jamie struggles with emotional turmoil that is a direct result of what Jack did to him. Every mention of Jack Randall sends Jamie into a tailspin that has him sitting up all night and refusing Claire’s attempts at comfort. Therefore, when Jamie runs into the actual Jack Randall, the reader is prepared for his emotional reaction and is not disappointed. Jamie leaves the home he shares with Claire and spends a whole evening wrangling with his emotions before returning to the Duke of Sandringham’s home to challenge Jack to a duel. Fortunately, Claire has already predicted this reaction and given false information to the police accusing Jack of being part of a group of men who attacked her and Mary Hawkins.

Jamie suffered because of the sexual assaults perpetrated on him by Jack Randall. Months after the assaults, he continues to struggle in ways that Claire cannot fix for him. As time passes, his reactions begin to lessen. There comes a point when Jamie even brings himself to be polite to Jack and to spend a few moments alone with him despite everything that has happened. However, there is a great deal of emotional trauma connected to this experience, something that is highlighted when he gets into a physical altercation with his brother-in-law, Ian, when Ian unintentionally touches Jamie intimately while he’s sleeping. Later, when Jamie must tell Ian the truth about his sexual assaults, Ian’ reaction underscores Jamie’s own emotional turmoil particularly when it comes to the fact that he was unable to stop Jack’s assaults and the knowledge that he was aroused by Jack’s attentions.

Jamie’s sexual assault was on a large scale, the assaults happening more than once over an extended period. On a smaller scale, Claire experiences her own sexual assaults and witnesses the sexual assault of Mary Hawkins. The first incident occurs in an alley outside L’Hôpital des Anges. Claire is groped and touched in intimate ways but fights off her assailant until he gets a good look at her and stops on his own because he recognizes her as a rumored La Dame Blanche. At the same time, unfortunately, Mary’s assailant subdues her and begins his sexual assault, stopped only by his friends when they are frightened off by Claire’s rumored identity. This assault, while not Mary or Claire’s fault, leads to a series of unfortunate incidences that reveals the truth of Mary’s assault to her uncle and ends an arranged marriage that was highly beneficial to Mary’s family. Not only does the trauma of sexual assault impact Mary on a personal level, but it ruins her reputation and separates her from Alexander Randall, the man she truly loves.

Claire also experiences sexual assault when she is complacent in a sexual encounter with King Louis XV to free Jamie from the Bastille. At the time, Claire is angry with Jamie and blames him for the death of their child, therefore she sees her actions as a way of shaming Jamie and keeping him away from her. However, when Claire learns the truth of why Jamie challenged Jack to a duel despite promising her that he would not, her feelings about him change and she becomes shamed by what she has done. However, Jamie is the first to point out that Claire has been assaulted and that it is no different from what happened to him with Jack Randall. Jamie tells her that she did what she had to do, just as he did. While Claire’s trauma is not as deeply rooted as Jamie’s, they have both given their bodies over to protect themselves or someone they love, and that connects them on a deeper level. It also helps them both to heal a little more.

The Wisdom of Sharing Knowledge

Claire is a time traveler; she knows things that others in the 1740s don’t and how major events unfolding in the 1740s will end. Because of this, Claire urges Jamie to avoid the conflict that will take place between the Stuarts and King George II of England. However, as the honorable man Jamie is, he refuses to simply avoid the final battle that Claire tells him will be a massacre for the army of the Highlands and decides he must do something to protect the men who live and work on his lands. To this end, Jamie and Claire come up with a scheme to stop Charles Stuart, the son of the displaced king, James Stuart. In this way, Claire’s knowledge could prove to be beneficial to the people of Lallybroch.

There are other times when Claire’s knowledge has the potential to be beneficial to the people who she encounters in the 1740s. Claire is a nurse and her medical knowledge coupled with her knowledge of plants helps her care for patients at the hospital as well as people she encounters throughout her travels. Claire is also aware of the genetic line that will result in the birth of her husband, Frank Randall, in the twentieth century. This knowledge causes some discomfort to Jamie when she recognizes the name of the woman Jack Randall was supposed to have married short before his death in April 1746. This woman is the mother of Frank’s direct descendent and must be conceived and born to ensure Frank’s birth. However, Claire becomes concerned that this timeline will be disturbed first when it appears that Jack Randall has died and again when Jamie duels Jack and leave him unable to father children. Fortunately, there are events in this timeline Claire could not and is not aware of, ensuring Frank’s eventual birth. In this case, a lack of knowledge if a good thing.

Toward the end of the novel, Claire speaks to a seer who struggles with the burden of telling her employer the truth about what she sees of his future or hiding it from him. In this conversation, Claire begins to understand that it is a burden to have important information that could impact the lives of other people. She struggles with this herself when she returns to her own time, first when she tries to share her story with Frank, and later when she realizes that Geillis Duncan told her when she came through the stones, giving Claire the ability to warn her that she will be burned to death as a witch if she goes to the 1740s. The seer decides it is better to share her knowledge and allow people to decide for themselves, and Claire follows suit, telling Roger about his ancestor’s fate and helping him track her down to give her the information. Although they fail in their mission, she gave the man who would be directly impacted by the choices Geillis might make the choice to save her and risk his own existence, or to hold back and continue as he has always been.

Jordanite History

Claire grew up with an archeologist and married a historian, therefore her entire life has been centered on the people of the past. Part of this includes the history of political strife in both England and Scotland. For this reason, Claire knows how one of the most noted periods of political strife ended, the unsuccessful Jacobite Uprising of 1745 by the Stuarts. When Claire arrives in 1743, she becomes aware that many of the Scots she befriends are Jordanites, supporters of the Stuarts. This recalls the Battle of Culloden, the final, brutal battle of the uprising that ended with hundreds of Highlander deaths. It is this knowledge that leads Jamie and Claire to attempt to stop Charles Stuart from beginning the uprising by limiting his access to financers in France and Spain.

Claire admits she never had interest in this part of history, so her knowledge is limited. Even though Claire is knowledgeable enough to urge Jamie to avoid Culloden, she believes Jamie died at Culloden and she has never attempted to learn what happened to his men. Claire comments to Roger that her husband, Frank, was a Jordanite historian but she never asked him to tell her what happened to the Scot leaders in the aftermath of Culloden. Claire puts her curiosity for Jamie’s men on the backburner out of respect for Frank, but after his death, one of her first acts is to visit Roger Wakefield and ask him to track down information on Jamie’s troop. Claire wants to verify that Jamie did as he said he would, that he led his men away from Culloden and returned to die a soldier’s death.

The history of this time is rich and comes to life in the pages of this novel. At first, Claire and Jamie try to change the future, or what would be Claire’s past, but when they fail, they take a first-row seat to the events that unfold despite their attempted interference. In the end, it is Claire’s knowledge of history that leads to Dougal’s death and Jamie’s decision to send Claire back to her own time where she safely delivers their daughter despite her complicated pregnancy. Jamie makes promises that he will save his men but will die in battle rather than face the punishment of his mother’s clansmen because of his role in Dougal’s death. For twenty years, Claire assumes Jamie died at Culloden, never bothering to verify the truth even though her husband, Frank, is a Jacobite scholar and could have found the information for her. Out of respect for Frank, she waits to learn the end of her story with Jamie from Roger. It is at this time that she learns Jamie did not die at Culloden despite his intention to do so. It seems that perhaps Jamie did avoid dying at Culloden as Claire had hoped he would, but the story of his passing remains a mystery at the end of this novel.

Love Triangles

Love triangles are a theme of this novel because there are several romantic entanglements that include three or more people. The first of these is centered around Claire. When Claire meets and later marries Jamie Fraser, she is already married to Frank Randall, a man in her own time. Claire does not know how she was able to pass through the circle of stones at Craigh na Dun or if she can return to her own time, but she has made the conscious decision not to try. She wants to stay with Jamie. Their love is passionate both in bed and out of bed. They are deeply in love but fight as often as they don’t. By choosing to stay in the past, Claire appears to have chosen Jamie over her husband, Frank. However, as the novel progresses and it appears there might be a way to ensure Frank’s genetic lineage, Claire finds herself pitted against Jamie to protect the man listed as Frank’s direct ancestor, Jack Randall. Jamie feels that by fighting for Frank’s existence, she is proving her love for Frank to be much deeper than her love for Jamie. Claire argues that this isn’t true but is unsure of the truth even in her own heart. All she knows is that she loves two men and cannot sacrifice one for the other.

Another love triangle in this novel exists between Claire, Jack, and Jamie. Although Jack is Jamie’s tormentor, Jack has feelings for Jamie that go beyond that of soldier and criminal. During Jamie’s confinement at Wentworth Prison, Jack admitted to Jamie his attraction to him, even speaking words of love to him during his sexual assaults. Jamie is mortified by what transpired between he and Jack and loathes Jack. However, Jack is a man who has been broken by his sexual preferences. As a result, Jack is unable to understand that a victim does not truly love his tormentor. Jack shares with Claire that he believes she and he share a connection with Jamie that is intimate and unique. Claire is sickened by Jack’s statements, but Jack truly believes that because Jamie’s body responded to his touch and Jamie uttered words of affection while being assaulted that he truly loves Jack. Although untrue, this is likely the closest Jack will ever come to experiencing true love and it is clearly something that he clings to in his lonely, dark life.

The final love triangle in the book centers on Mary Hawkins and brother, Alexander and Jack Randall. Alexander is the younger brother of Jack, but he is sickly and suffering from congestive heart failure. With the absence of modern drugs, Claire is unable to help Alexander. At the same time, Alexander and Mary Hawkins have developed an affection for one another that brings Mary to Edinburgh to be with Alexander during the final months of his illness. In the process, Mary becomes pregnant. The child Frank believed to be that of Jack and Mary is Alexander’s child. However, although Jack is not interested in a romantic relationship with Mary, he agrees to marry her to protect her and Alexander’s unborn child. This is a rare, kind thing that Jack does, showing himself to be a gentleman despite his violent streak and broken sense of romantic love.

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