62 pages • 2 hours read
Michael CunninghamA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide discusses substance use disorder.
Isabel is one protagonist of the text. She is a woman in her late thirties who is married to Dan. They have two children together, Violet and Nathan, and her brother, Robbie, lives in their apartment upstairs at the start of the novel. Isabel works for a magazine, booking photographers for featured articles. Although her job pays well, she recognizes that, with the growth of the internet, the print industry is struggling, and it is only a matter of time before she needs to find a new career. Additionally, she questions her relationship with Dan, wondering when a marriage becomes “irreparable” and when it is “too late” to fix it (164), ultimately divorcing him and moving to a home in the country in the novel’s final section.
Isabel is a dynamic character who changes throughout the course of the text, or, at the very least, begins to change. In the first two sections of the text, Isabel struggles with her daily life, to care for her children and to work her job. The first time she is introduced to the reader, she is looking out her apartment window at the scenes of the early morning. She struggles to sleep, rarely getting more than a few hours, and leaves much of the raising of her children to Dan and Robbie. She notes that, with the new day starting, she has to “muster the most convincing possible manifestation of herself, a person who can do everything that’s required of her” (5). Michael Cunningham’s diction, in particular the use of the words “muster” and “manifestation,” imply that it is a difficult task for Isabel to even pretend to be the person that she knows she is supposed to be for her husband and children. Additionally, she spends much of her time sitting on the stairs in her apartment, initially only for a few moments at a time, but in 2020 it is where she spends hours looking at Wolfe’s Instagram and listening to music. She describes the stairs to Robbie as having “this neither-here-nor-there thing” about them (19), which is a metaphorical representation of her life: she is trapped in one part of her life—with a failing job and struggling marriage—and battling with whether to abandon it to seek more fulfillment and purpose in her life.
In the time between April 5, 2020, and the same date in 2021, Isabel attempts to change her life by moving out of her apartment and separating from Dan. She chooses to rectify her feelings of unhappiness and unbelonging by purchasing a home in the country—a dream that she and Robbie always had. Although she still finds dissatisfaction in her new home, noting its disrepair and poor design, she is still determined that she made the right decision at the novel’s conclusion. She notes how “once she’s ready to leave here she’ll quit her job, and find another. She’ll figure out where to go next, how to relive her life,” determined to meet someone new and find somewhere that she is “comfortable and safe” (267). These thoughts mark Isabel’s change: Although she may still struggle to find happiness or purpose in her life right now, she is determined to continue to do whatever she can to find it, including quitting her job and starting a new relationship. Unlike Dan, who believes there is hope to rekindle their marriage, Isabel is adamant that she needs to continue to move forward—out of the “neither-here-nor-there” and into stability and, hopefully, fulfillment.
Dan is Isabel’s wife, father to Violet and Nathan, and is 40 years old at the start of the novel. Throughout much of the novel he has no job, instead staying home to care for his children and working on writing songs to recapture the thrill he got from opening for bands years before. Robbie and Isabel discuss Dan’s failed attempt at a “comeback”—italicized in their conversations to emphasis their belief that he has no success to come back to—and the fact that he continues to bleach his hair and wear band T-shirts. However, Dan describes himself as a “Knight Templar,” “neither tragic nor melancholy” who serves as the “harried servant of his children [as] he awaits his own comeback” (43). He is, therefore, less tragic than Isabel and Robbie believe, somewhat grounded in his aspirations for his music career.
However, despite Dan’s assertions that he is dedicated to his family and is not looking for more than a moment or two, he is a static character who spends the novel pining for a return to his youth in the music industry. His character takes on a cyclical nature in the novel: He experiences substance use disorder during his youth when he plays music, settles into fatherhood, pursues music fame again, then, once he briefly finds fame with over two hundred thousand followers on social media, considers his comeback successful. However, in the final section of the text it is revealed that Dan has started doing drugs again. While Isabel believes that he “is handling, with unanticipated good humor, the fact that his comeback was not only minor, but has come and gone” and that he “hasn’t needed […] the bucking up Isabel dreaded being asked to provide” (230), the reality is that Dan is still fixated on his music career and is using drugs as a means of coping with his “second failure” (262). Additionally, despite Isabel moving out of his apartment and her desire to move onto a new career and love interest, Dan still believes that there is hope for their marriage. In this way, Dan serves as a foil to Isabel in the novel. Both characters battle with Midlife Disillusionment; they are unhappy with their careers and the direction their lives are going. However, while Isabel ends the novel adamant that she is going to find a new home and career, Dan falls back into the cyclical nature of his life by experiencing substance use disorder again, fixating on returning to his music, and refusing to believe that his marriage with Isabel is finished.
Chess is a college literature professor who has a child, Odin, with Dan’s brother, Garth. She has been friends with Garth for years, living with him at one point as his roommate. She is adamant that she has no sexual interest in men, instead asking Garth to impregnate her so she can raise Odin as a single mother. However, as Odin gets older, she struggles with an internal conflict over how much to include Garth in Odin’s life. Although she is adamant that she wants Odin to know that Garth is his father, she also believes that Odin should not “feel confused about having any kind of traditional mother and father” (174), instead keeping Garth largely out of the act of raising Odin. Her conflict conveys the theme of The Complexities of Love and Attraction, as she begrudgingly admits that what she feels for Garth is “not, exactly, not entirely, not love” (223), yet feels no physical attraction to him. She battles against her own feelings while also feeling “encouraged, sentimentalized, because the world wants women to marry men, the world prefers it that way” (223). While society wants her to form a typical nuclear family—and she frequently wonders throughout the novel if this is the better option—she instead stands by her decision that her own personal feelings and desires are more important. Additionally, she repeatedly notes Garth’s failings as a father, as he is frequently late, unreliable, and largely cannot be depended on to care for Odin. All of these factors contribute to Chess becoming a static character in the novel. Although she considers allowing Garth into their family, she ultimately stands by her decision to raise Odin on her own.
Garth is Dan’s younger brother, 37 at the start of the novel. Like Dan, Garth is described as having been a “desperado” when he was younger—“off-handedly handsome in [his] motorcycle boots and ragged jeans” with “jaded unconcern” for his appearance or whose heart he “breaks” (95-96). However, while Dan is largely depicted as having matured, with a wife and children and a more reserved appearance, Garth continues to behave the way they did when they were younger. At times, Garth serves as one of the only antagonists in the novel. He puts pressure on Chess to allow him into her life, confessing his love to her and making her feel guilty for trying to raise Odin alone—as the two of them had originally agreed to.
Additionally, he is an antagonist to Dan in how Dan compares his life to Garth’s. Dan describes Garth as “the uncontested winner of their childhood bad-boy competition, the one who’s never yet listened to reason, who accepts no responsibility” while Dan has “pulled himself together” (96). In Dan’s view, he has managed to settle down, marry Isabel, raise two children, and put aside his career in music. Conversely, Garth is largely absent from Odin’s life, lives in a rent-controlled apartment, and is a failed artist creating sculptures in a gallery where “no one of influence seems yet to have stopped” (96). However, in many ways, Dan’s critique of Garth serves to highlight his own bitterness and Midlife Disillusionment. He fails to recognize that his marriage is failing, that he, too, has largely failed as an artist, and that his return to substance use disorder highlights his unhappiness with his own life. In the last section of the novel, Garth finds success with his art, as a famous artist purchases his Hamlet sculpture. As a result, while Dan is using drugs again and still struggling to write songs, Garth’s career is beginning to take off. The differences between the two characters highlight the idea of fulfillment and success. While Dan is suffering with the realization that he has abandoned his music career in exchange for stability and a family, Garth is finally finding success after years of dedication to his artwork. Garth has put aside the things Dan sees as important—wealth, marriage, children—to focus on what he believes is important. Although he challenges Chess’s ideas of parenthood and confesses his love for her, he also ends the novel by deciding that he cannot move to California with her “now that his career is taking off” (249), ultimately choosing to stick to his ideals of success and happiness.
Robbie is Isabel’s younger brother. In the first section of the text, he lives in Isabel and Dan’s attic apartment. He has been searching for apartments but has found fault with all of them, especially as a schoolteacher who cannot afford the price of many apartments in Brooklyn. Dan and Isabel ask him to move out, wanting to let Nathan live in the apartment, and feel guilty for doing so—despite Robbie’s repeated assertion that he is not upset about leaving. Although he got accepted to several medical schools, he decided to turn them down to teach middle school, something that upset his father at the time. However, at the end of the first section of the text, he makes the decision to quit his job, reapply to medical school, and travel to Iceland. After COVID-19, he is stuck in Iceland for several months before dying of an unnamed sickness.
Robbie is a central character to the Byre family, as he serves as a pseudo-parent in Isabel’s mental absence from her home life:
Robbie and Dan know they’ve become the central couple. Isabel is, increasingly, a dream they’re having. They both know it. Robbie and Dan are the ones whose union is thriving, the ones who minister to each other, who are raising children together (80).
In this way, the relationship between Robbie and Dan conveys the theme of The Complexities of Love and Attraction. After Robbie’s death, Dan and Isabel discuss the fact that Robbie was, in many ways, in love with Dan, and, conversely, Dan was also in love with Robbie. When Isabel fails to console Dan after Robbie’s death, Dan thinks, “Doesn’t she know—how could she fail to know—that Robbie was the love of his life? Could she possibly think that Robbie mattered less to Dan because Dan isn’t gay?” (241). While Dan may not be attracted to Robbie or have a romantic relationship with him, he acknowledges that what he feels for Robbie is nothing short of love. Similarly, Isabel relies heavily on Robbie, needing him to help raise her children and becoming even more detached while he is in Iceland—spending more and more time on the stairs, neglecting her family and her job. As a result, when Robbie dies, it leads to the final dissolution of their marriage.
By Michael Cunningham
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