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47 pages 1 hour read

Yukio Mishima

Confessions of a Mask

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1949

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Chapter 4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 4 Summary

After the war, Kochan enters a haze. He summarizes many emotionally heavy events: He returns his university uniform to the soldier he had borrowed it from, his sister dies, and Sonoko gets engaged and married. While he continues to attend school, he does so mindlessly, with “the feeling of being neither alive nor dead” (220). Eventually, he realizes that he is not numb but in immense pain. Between social distractions, he studies for the civil service examinations, but he becomes deeply depressed and loses motivation to do anything. Unable to satisfy or even engage in his desires, he becomes tense and extremely anxious. He tries to live rigidly and exhausts himself doing so, even though he is doing little.

Noting that his real desires are too complex and deeply buried to require him to be prudish, Kochan tries once again to conjure up sexual attraction towards women. He stares at pornographic images and forces himself to imagine women sexually. Nothing has any effect. His only friend from university shares many physical and emotional similarities with him but is self-confident. This friend guesses that Kochan is a virgin and invites him to visit a brothel with him. Kochan notes that his friend thinks they are similar in mindset, and he longs to prove his friend right. Determined to not be a virgin at age 22, and desperate to unlock his attraction to women, Kochan agrees to go to a brothel.

Kochan refuses to drink before going to the brothel, determined to experience sex sober. Stressed, Kochan picks the brothel at random, and an ugly woman agrees to sleep with him; he does not care. He dutifully hugs and tries to kiss her, but she instructs him not to do so, as it will get lipstick on his face. They touch tongues instead. Describing the experience, Kochan says, “I felt my entire body becoming paralyzed with just such a pain, a pain that was intense, but still could not be felt at all” (226). Unable to have sex with her, he is ashamed of himself. He assumes his friend does not know the truth. Later, Kochan and his friend have a conversation with a womanizer called T, and Kochan’s friend notices that Kochan’s face turns pale when T claims to envy impotent men. Kochan’s friend discusses Proust with T, and they call Proust a sodomite. Kochan claims ignorance of the term and realizes their conversation cannot visibly offend him or he will reveal his secret. He suspects his friend already knows and, when they leave, sobs until he can dream violently and achieve peace.

Looking to distract himself from his pain and shame, Kochan attends parties at an old friend’s house. The people there, especially the women, are easy for him to talk to. They play games until late at night, including a version of musical chairs that causes many of the women to lose decorum. One girl slips and exposes her thighs. Unable to pretend any longer, Kochan stares at them, unbothered and unattracted, but pain strikes him, and he succumbs to self-hatred, feeling inhuman and monstrous for his lack of desire and lack of shame. His unmet sexual needs cause him to masturbate constantly, but he does not seek relationships with either men or women. He believes himself to be emotionally in love with Sonoko but sexually unable to love her, which prevents him from finding fulfilment elsewhere.

In the depths of depression, Kochan believes he sees Sonoko on the train and experiences a brief will to live. Although it is not her, he reexperiences the emotions she first provoked in him and becomes obsessive about the experience. Debating internally whether he is in love with Sonoko, he relives a variety of memories, all of which torment rather than soothe him. On the street, Sonoko runs into him and calls his name to get his attention, which does not excite him as the mistaken encounter had. He notes that she does not look married. She tells him to look after his health and he asks her what she has been reading. He suggests a novel with a naked woman on the cover and is surprised that she openly calls the cover disgusting, as she would have once been too shy to do so. They joke about the konnyaku she is carrying, a vegetable gelatin, and Kochan learns that she intends to visit Kusano and the rest of her family on Saturday. Kochan wonders why she has forgiven him and decides that he could heal if she insults him. Kusano has never implied that the end of their relationship hurt Sonoko, which bothers him because it hurt him, and he wants the pain to be mutual.

Under the pretense of going to see Kusano, Kochan goes to their house on the day Sonoko is visiting. He listens to her play piano, noting that her playing is beautiful and mature, no longer childish and unpracticed. The three of them talk, but eventually Kusano leaves Sonoko and Kochan alone. She briefly brags about her husband, which Kochan finds attractive, and she finally asks why they did not marry. She expresses her continued confusion and asks if it was because he secretly disliked her. Kochan experiences a flash of pain once again and then brushes off the answer, telling her that she just did not know how to understand, and that he had not really intended to outright refuse marriage—he was just too young at the time. After he blames her for marrying someone else before he was ready, Sonoko calmly expresses that she both loves her husband and wonders what a future with Kochan would have been like. Kochan accuses her of hating him when she thinks of their imagined future, and he begs her to meet with him in private. Sonoko refuses for propriety’s sake, and Kochan asks her to think more informally. They do not resolve the conversation.

Kochan is unable to understand why he wants to meet with Sonoko, as he knows clearly that he wants nothing sexual from their relationship. A year passes; he gets a job and meets with Sonoko infrequently, only in passing. When he is with her, he feels calm, however fragile the emotion might be. They begin to meet more often, approaching what might be an actual relationship, but it still is undefined and platonic. During one encounter, Kochan reveals he has quit his job, which does not interest her much. They have meaningless conversations in which it becomes clear that their trysts fulfill neither of them, nor is there room to move forward in a way that meets their needs. Sonoko reveals that their relationship is wracking her with guilt, as Kochan is beginning to occupy her thoughts and dreams instead of her husband. Kochan reassures her that guilt is not necessary. They walk, and Kochan feels despised by the happy lovers that walk past them. He and Sonoko go to a dance hall for 30 minutes, but the place is disreputable, and Kochan is ashamed. A young shirtless man with a tattoo of a peony on his chest distracts Kochan. He forgets that Sonoko is there and indulges in a fantasy of the young man getting gutted by a rival gang. When Sonoko regains his attention, he apologizes for his mistake in bringing her to the dance hall, but she brushes him off. He lies about having brought someone else to the dance hall before. They check their watches in desperation and part ways.

Chapter 4 Analysis

In this chapter, Kochan is at his most vulnerable with himself and yet his least motivated to live. As he comes to terms with his own sexuality, he also must come to terms with his isolation in a society that will, at best, judge him for it. This is a major factor in his depression and what drives him back to Sonoko—even when he is honest with himself about his wants and identity, there is no way for him to live happily, so seeking a warped version of “normalcy” is his only solace. Kochan has not changed much in characterization, but in this chapter, he characterizes himself differently—he is more openly self-loathing and derides himself for his depressive state and inability to love in the ways he wants to. The chapter's mood is subdued and withdrawn throughout, except in brief moments when Sonoko appears and Kochan feels happy. In these moments, Kochan often describes nature and sunlight, giving the narrative new life.

Kochan is forced to reckon with the theme of The Insidious Nature of Heteronormativity in new ways. Throughout this chapter, he is more open about his awareness of this; when he stares at the woman’s exposed thighs, he realizes both that he does not feel desire and that he has lost the urge to keep up appearances. The encounter with the sex worker is, symbolically, the death of Kochan’s pretense of heterosexuality. Throughout the narrative, kissing has symbolized heteronormative desire in Kochan’s imagination, and he has held on to the belief that if he could just kiss the right woman under the right circumstances, his normative desires would awaken. When the touch of her tongue causes him physical pain, he can no longer maintain that belief. No longer are women a mystery to Kochan—sensuality with women is now a tangible, negative sensation.

This affects his later interaction with Sonoko—rather than pretending even to himself to love her, he declines to pursue a romantic relationship with her, and lies to her when she asks why. Their relationship is strictly platonic, which causes further damage because, once again, they both want what the other cannot give. Kochan cannot give Sonoko sex or romance, and Sonoko does not know how to give Kochan the platonic, soulmate relationship he wants. Neither of them knows how to articulate these needs, so they go unmet. Kochan is a character desperately in need of catharsis, but the novel ends without granting him this catharsis. He thinks he will find it when Sonoko hates him, but she never does. He then pursues her in increasingly abstract ways, none of which provides him with the release from grief and pain he needs.

The novel ends in a loosely circular way through two key details: the young delinquent and the reflections on the spilled drink. Kochan describes the delinquent he lusts after as strikingly similar to Omi, showing that Kochan’s tastes and desires have not changed from his youth. He additionally daydreams about the youth’s violent, tragic death, indicating that the dream sequences from his younger days have also not changed with time. The reflection on the spilled drink mimics the reflection in Kochan’s early, artificial memory, revealing Kochan’s lasting refusal to face reality. He will continue to seek fulfillment in his imagination rather than in the dissatisfying real world. Kochan might have literally grown over the novel’s timespan, but he has not developed emotionally, and still wants the same things he wanted as a teenager or child.

By ending the novel in a circular way, Mishima deconstructs the bildungsroman genre—while Kochan aged, he did not come of age. He still has growth to achieve, and the circular ending creates a sense of completion, hinting that he will not grow or change in the future. Kochan has exhausted his options; to grow, he would have to face societal disgrace, which could isolate him completely. The tragedy of the novel is complex and rooted in the irreconcilability of The Tension Between Private Self and Public Persona: Kochan cannot achieve happiness because the outside world places limits on his existence, but he internalizes those limits and imagines that the problem lies with himself. Without change to Kochan’s setting, he will never be able to be a complete person.

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