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Brian MooreA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The Algonkin chant as their canoes slow and “some twenty unknown Savages” (54) appear on the riverbank. They are the Montagnais, Laforgue is told, and they are confused by the priests’ appearance. After greeting one another, Neehatin asks for Mestigoit. When the Algonkin vanish into the trees, Daniel asks Laforgue “what you will do if they abandon us?” (55). Laforgue says they will go on alone. Neehatin returns to the camp with Mestigoit, a small deformed man, who examines Laforgue closely. Laforgue forgets the local customs and insults the sorcerer. Mestigoit says that Laforgue is a demon, as is he. Mestigoit shakes his drum at Laforgue, who remembers reading that “sorcerers are [the Jesuits’] greatest enemies” (57). They take to the canoes again, and Mestigoit travels in the same boat as Laforgue, “as though he were his jailer” (57).
With Mestigoit, the Algonkin travel at a slower pace. They make camp earlier and hunt once more. Mestigoit and Laforgue are left alone; the sorcerer appears in front of Laforgue and dances around, shouting and shaking his drum, trying to drive out the demon. Annoyed, Laforgue walks away into the forest and becomes lost. He wanders the woods, becoming more and more lost, calling out for help. He hears a voice and runs desperately toward it. Four men appear. They laugh at Laforgue and then guide him back to the camp. That night, Laforgue decides to confront Daniel. He wakes Mestigoit as he sneaks out of the tent, calling out Daniel’s name as he walks beside the river. He hears a sound and runs toward it.
Daniel’s lover has been watching Laforgue closely; Neehatin told people that Laforgue cast a spell in the woods. She wants to go out into the night with Daniel but worries that the forest will be angry. She thinks about what she knows about the priests and their strange customs. Daniel wants to run away with her; he does not want to venture beyond the rapids to Huron country. She and Daniel go to the riverbank. As they lay down together, she hears someone approaching. It is Laforgue; he spots them. He talks and his voice is “not angry, as she expected, but pleading and afraid” (65). Daniel and Laforgue argue and Laforgue falls to his knees in prayer. Daniel leads her back to the tent, leaving behind the praying, weeping Laforgue. Mestigoit, stepping from the darkness, tells her that Laforgue has “cast the spell of death” (67) on her. She runs and Daniel chases her.
Laforgue reflects on what happened: Daniel says that he is “going to live with this girl” (67). They returned to the tents, passing Mestigoit, and Laforgue decides to wait until morning to act. Mestigoit approaches Laforgue and leads him to the trees. He tells Laforgue that the “demon has left you” (67) and then they return to the tents.
The next morning, it has snowed, and the people seem excited. Laforgue goes to Daniel, who refuses to talk. The canoes are launching soon and Daniel urges Laforgue to return to his boat. Laforgue runs and jumps in his canoe, where Mestigoit sits in front of him. They row through the snow storm. Laforgue’s arms ache with the effort of paddling until they arrive at the Isle of Dyes, which he has heard about from other priests’ accounts. It is the place the Algonkin harvest the dyes for their ceremonial robes. As they land and wander ashore, the Algonkin put on their snowshoes and Laforgue follows suit. He struggles to walk in the snowshoes, despite his practice. Neehatin tells Laforgue that he is to accompany them on a moose hunt. Mestigoit walks with him, teaching him how to use the snowshoes. They lag behind and watch as the hunters come across three moose; the hunters kill two and unleash “howls of triumph” (72).
Laforgue watches Daniel help the Algonkin prepare the dead animals and is reminded of Jean Mercier. As the camp bustles joyfully, Neehatin approaches Laforgue and notes that Mestigoit has “pulled that demon out of your asshole” (72) and asks Laforgue to pray daily for food. Laforgue pushes through the celebrating people, searching for Daniel. He finds Daniel sat with “seven young hunters” (75). Daniel admits that he is ashamed. Laforgue admits his own shame and asks that they might pray together; he admits to being afraid that “the devil rules this land” (76). They argue; Daniel wants to stay among the Algonkin and explains their belief in an afterlife to the bemused Laforgue. Daniel leaves and Laforgue feels increasingly sick.
Neehatin wakes and prepares another hunt. He approaches the sickly-looking Laforgue and warns him that they will pause their journey to hunt. Next, Neehatin orders the women and children to head to a camp and tells Mestigoit to accompany Laforgue. Neehatin and Mestigoit bet on whether Laforgue will be consumed by his sickness. The men scour the island for moose. They find three and give chase; Daniel lands the first blow on one. Soon, all three are dead. Afterward, Daniel jokes about becoming “Algonkian myself” (81).
Laforgue and Mestigoit finally catch up with the hunting party. They drag the moose back and spend three hours digging out a camp in the snow. They make a single giant tent. Laforgue sits alone and reads, feeling feverish. Neehatin brings him food; he warns that, if Laforgue travels with them during the winter, they will kill him as “a sick man on a sled is a heavy baggage” (84). The remaining moose meat is prepared and smoked. Annuka helps while she pretends to ignore Daniel. She loads a sled and, with the women and children, prepares to travel back to the canoes. They load the boats. As they set off and paddle, a storm comes.
The blizzard is “a blinding wall of white” (85). They are forced to land the canoes and set up camp. With great difficulty, they form the large tent and the fires. That night, a woman gives premature birth to a stillborn baby. She takes it out to the forest and then sees Laforgue attend to the dead baby and worries that he cast a spell on her. Laforgue tells Daniel that his fever has broken. They are to paddle hard and fast; the Algonkin are worried about passing through the territory ahead that may hold “hostile Savages” (86). Laforgue collapses in the snow. He gets up quickly and refuses to admit that he is sick. He feels as though “some abscess in his ear had burst” (87) and can hear better than he has been able to in weeks. He thanks God and is “filled with a strange exaltation” (87).
On the third day of the “race through the place of darkness” (89), Neehatin sees the White Face Mountain. His people are weary. That night, they sit and smoke tobacco. Neehatin offers an interpretation of his dream. Soon, they will leave the priests at the rapids and continue to the winter hunting place. Neehatin is certain that Laforgue is “stronger than he looks” (89). Chomina argues that they promised to send two men up the rapids with the priests, but Neehatin believes that “we have risked enough for their fucking presents” (91). Though Chomina still disagrees, the council concludes to “ditch the hairy ones tomorrow night” (92).
They set off the next day and soon they are within two hours of the rapids. Neehatin pulls to the shore and inspects an abandoned camp. Laforgue prays. Soon they arrive at the Great Rapids. When they land, the Algonkin act strangely. Daniel tells Laforgue that the Algonkin are afraid. When five hunters return, all the Algonkin returns to their boats. Laforgue and Daniel are left alone on the shore with Neehatin, who hands them the bird killed by the hunters. Neehatin reveals that he has broken the promise. He advises he priests how to proceed. Neehatin leaves. Daniel chases down to the shore, finding Annuka’s father and pleading with him. The man refuses. The canoes disappear; Daniel and Laforgue are left on the shore. Then, Daniel runs to one of the two remaining canoes, empties it, and sets out on the water after the Algonkin. Laforgue is left alone.
He reads advice from his fellow priests about how to set fires and build shelters. He follows the advice and then cooks the bird. He finds a “space like a cave” (96) beneath the boughs of a giant tree and lays down inside, praying for Daniel. He is woken before dawn by voices and assumes the Algonkin have returned, but the voices are in a strange dialect. He sees “five or six Savages, all male” (96) sitting around his fire, eating his food. Two more appear, wearing “the white mass vestments of silk and cloth of gold Laforgue was taking to the Huron mission” (96). They pass around the sacramental wine. They hatch a plan to wait for whomever left these possessions to return, laying an ambush. Laforgue is trapped.
Chapters 4 through 6 introduce the concept of the sorcerer into the narrative. Mestigoit, the sorcerer of the Algonkin is an important figure in that he provides a spiritual counterpart to the Jesuit priests. The theme of the novel—the clashing of two cultures and the misunderstandings this creates—is palpable at this point. For the Europeans, the religious framework of Christianity is familiar to the point of accepted fact. Their actions and their beliefs are presented as prima facie examples of how the world works. For instance, none of the Jesuit priests ever question any of their prayers, ceremonies, or any other form of religious praxis. However, when confronted with the beliefs of the Algonkin, they dismiss these out of hand. Even Daniel, one of the Europeans who is enamored with the culture of the people in the New World, laughs when Annuka describes her people’s beliefs. As a result, the novel uses this clash of cultures to highlight the inherent hypocrisy of the Jesuit missionaries: They are so devoted to their own religion that they have become immune to any criticism or questioning of their ideas. They cannot comprehend that the locals have the same low opinion of Christianity as the Jesuits have for the local belief systems. The clash between Mestigoit and Laforgue is the primary battleground of this ideological dispute, but it can be found in every interaction between an Algonkin person and a Jesuit.
Another element of the cultural differences between the two people becomes evident as Laforgue’s illness worsens. His ear infection develops into a fever, what the locals call the shaking sickness. To them, it becomes obvious that he is suffering from the disease. Laforgue learns what happens to those who cannot keep up with the rest of the Algonkin: Neehatin tells him that they are killed and left behind. To the priest, such an idea seems barbaric and savage. To the Algonkin, it is eminently sensible: To try and nurse a terminally ill person back to life endangers the health of others and has the potential to wreak far greater havoc with the society. This demonstrates the profound differences between the two cultures’ perspectives on death. For the Catholics, it is an unimaginable fate. For the Algonkin, it is a matter of life. This reflects their different environments and circumstances, as well as the fact that they do not share a common philosophical antecedent. Laforgue learning that alternative cultural values are not necessarily evil—that moral relativism is essential when on the frontier of the known world—will become one of the key developments of the theme of clashing cultures.
By Brian Moore